{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2168884607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2012.2216471","title":"Design of Multilevel Signals for Identifying the Best Linear Approximation of Nonlinear Systems","display_name":"Design of Multilevel Signals for Identifying the Best Linear Approximation of Nonlinear Systems","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2168884607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2012.2216471","mag":"2168884607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2012.2216471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2012.2216471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037508947","display_name":"Hin Kwan Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6344-6083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hin Kwan Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Fundamental Electricity and Instrumentation, Vrije Universiteit Brussel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Fundamental Electricity and Instrumentation, Vrije Universiteit Brussel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076996530","display_name":"J. Schoukens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-6137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johan Schoukens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Fundamental Electricity and Instrumentation, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Fundamental Electricity and Instrumentation, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102830303","display_name":"K.R. Godfrey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3025-5269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith R. Godfrey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems, Measurement and Modelling Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems, Measurement and Modelling Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7261,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7559616,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"2","first_page":"519","last_page":"524"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11236","display_name":"Control Systems and Identification","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.7355097532272339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.7048950791358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-binary-sequence","display_name":"Pseudorandom binary sequence","score":0.6686941385269165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.6481750011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.561557412147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-sequence","display_name":"Random sequence","score":0.5082840323448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4961472451686859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.44160035252571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximation-theory","display_name":"Approximation theory","score":0.41959407925605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3544701933860779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.34932029247283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.34545713663101196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.2938823699951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1858639121055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15563571453094482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.11025571823120117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7355097532272339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.7048950791358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128040838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1810628","display_name":"Pseudorandom binary sequence","level":3,"score":0.6686941385269165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.6481750011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.561557412147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186515451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228191","display_name":"Random sequence","level":3,"score":0.5082840323448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4961472451686859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.44160035252571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145242015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774123","display_name":"Approximation theory","level":2,"score":0.41959407925605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3544701933860779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.34932029247283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.34545713663101196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2938823699951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1858639121055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15563571453094482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.11025571823120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2012.2216471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2012.2216471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494908267","https://openalex.org/W1516163887","https://openalex.org/W1964717036","https://openalex.org/W1983888154","https://openalex.org/W1995569434","https://openalex.org/W2009890895","https://openalex.org/W2023109623","https://openalex.org/W2041030128","https://openalex.org/W2086248552","https://openalex.org/W2106644107","https://openalex.org/W2117713663","https://openalex.org/W2137720674","https://openalex.org/W2150108587","https://openalex.org/W2151383158","https://openalex.org/W4252099851","https://openalex.org/W6630806217","https://openalex.org/W6641518924"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2382279485","https://openalex.org/W2331845658","https://openalex.org/W2366930540","https://openalex.org/W2025043747","https://openalex.org/W117278403","https://openalex.org/W3116549321","https://openalex.org/W51904573","https://openalex.org/W2156394742","https://openalex.org/W2377378071","https://openalex.org/W2004497004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,44],"best":[1],"linear":[2],"approximation":[3],"(BLA)":[4],"of":[5,16,36,46,129],"a":[6,24,71,83],"nonlinear":[7],"system":[8,18],"minimizes":[9],"the":[10,13,17,20,31,37,47,67,120,127,130],"difference":[11],"between":[12],"actual":[14],"output":[15,22],"and":[19,33,87,126],"modeled":[21],"in":[23,144],"least":[25],"square":[26],"sense.":[27],"It":[28,61],"depends":[29],"on":[30],"power":[32],"amplitude":[34],"distribution":[35],"excitation":[38],"sequences":[39,52,110,143],"used":[40],"to":[41,79,105,111],"identify":[42],"it.":[43],"theory":[45],"BLA":[48,68],"for":[49,89],"Gaussian":[50,84,142],"input":[51,73,85,109],"(including":[53],"random":[54],"phased":[55],"multisines)":[56],"has":[57,62],"been":[58,64,93],"widely":[59],"studied.":[60],"recently":[63],"shown":[65,100],"that":[66,80,101],"when":[69],"using":[70,82],"binary":[72],"sequence":[74,124,131],"is":[75,99,103,138],"biased":[76],"with":[77,140],"respect":[78],"obtained":[81],"sequence,":[86],"expressions":[88],"this":[90,96],"bias":[91],"have":[92],"obtained.":[94],"In":[95],"paper,":[97],"it":[98,102],"possible":[104],"design":[106],"discrete":[107],"multilevel":[108],"mimic":[112],"Gaussianity":[113],"as":[114,116],"closely":[115],"possible,":[117],"thus":[118],"reducing":[119],"bias,":[121],"by":[122],"adjusting":[123],"levels":[125],"probability":[128],"being":[132],"at":[133],"these":[134],"levels.":[135],"Their":[136],"performance":[137],"compared":[139],"true":[141],"simulation":[145],"experiments.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}