{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1992565011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2012.2199195","title":"Evaluation of Time Gateways for Synchronization of Substation Automation Systems","display_name":"Evaluation of Time Gateways for Synchronization of Substation Automation Systems","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1992565011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2012.2199195","mag":"1992565011"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2012.2199195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2012.2199195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017887033","display_name":"Paolo Ferrari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6349-4410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30667456","display_name":"Brescia University","ror":"https://ror.org/015ahgd08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30667456"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79940851","display_name":"University of Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Ferrari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy","Dept. of Inf. Eng., Brescia Univ., Brescia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Inf. Eng., Brescia Univ., Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30667456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087795637","display_name":"Alessandra Flammini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2046-0720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30667456","display_name":"Brescia University","ror":"https://ror.org/015ahgd08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30667456"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79940851","display_name":"University of Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandra Flammini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy","Dept. of Inf. Eng., Brescia Univ., Brescia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Inf. Eng., Brescia Univ., Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30667456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007335960","display_name":"Stefano Rinaldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-1053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30667456","display_name":"Brescia University","ror":"https://ror.org/015ahgd08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30667456"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79940851","display_name":"University of Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Rinaldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy","Dept. of Inf. Eng., Brescia Univ., Brescia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Inf. Eng., Brescia Univ., Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30667456"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111614659","display_name":"Gunnar Prytz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165043","display_name":"ABB (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/05qjkay50","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165043","https://openalex.org/I885143765"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gunnar Prytz","raw_affiliation_strings":["ABB AS Corporate Research, Billingstad, Norway","ABB AS Corp. Res., Billingstad, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ABB AS Corporate Research, Billingstad, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ABB AS Corp. Res., Billingstad, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165043"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5351,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96806356,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"10","first_page":"2612","last_page":"2621"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iec-61850","display_name":"IEC 61850","score":0.9028196334838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.6669320464134216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6147470474243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/default-gateway","display_name":"Default gateway","score":0.6132761240005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5844189524650574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.5375401973724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.4600496292114258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internetworking","display_name":"Internetworking","score":0.44489094614982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4155310094356537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3725770115852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.357485830783844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.32991141080856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.16527774930000305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.08877632021903992}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778907243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168160","display_name":"IEC 61850","level":3,"score":0.9028196334838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.6669320464134216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6147470474243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187713609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465461","display_name":"Default gateway","level":2,"score":0.6132761240005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5844189524650574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.5375401973724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.4600496292114258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780405328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067099","display_name":"Internetworking","level":3,"score":0.44489094614982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4155310094356537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3725770115852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.357485830783844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32991141080856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16527774930000305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.08877632021903992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2012.2199195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2012.2199195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unibs.it:11379/142717","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11379/142717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400804","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487364081","https://openalex.org/W1967949313","https://openalex.org/W1991754712","https://openalex.org/W1999483852","https://openalex.org/W2021726679","https://openalex.org/W2098158437","https://openalex.org/W2101433095","https://openalex.org/W2103072081","https://openalex.org/W2107410176","https://openalex.org/W2110920921","https://openalex.org/W2112745156","https://openalex.org/W2131856594","https://openalex.org/W2133046344","https://openalex.org/W2133128142","https://openalex.org/W2134529900","https://openalex.org/W2144863881","https://openalex.org/W2149864815","https://openalex.org/W2154541580","https://openalex.org/W2161190893","https://openalex.org/W2746505796","https://openalex.org/W2986769529","https://openalex.org/W4231282026","https://openalex.org/W6650210909","https://openalex.org/W6676033377","https://openalex.org/W6679981841","https://openalex.org/W6683362077"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367739416","https://openalex.org/W2352028207","https://openalex.org/W1847012216","https://openalex.org/W2383397189","https://openalex.org/W2364323245","https://openalex.org/W1984507003","https://openalex.org/W2378142920","https://openalex.org/W2351977728","https://openalex.org/W1906794818","https://openalex.org/W1510538795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,29,161,186],"International":[1],"Electrotechnical":[2],"Commission":[3],"(IEC)":[4],"61850":[5,35,76],"standard":[6,36],"is":[7,237],"widely":[8],"used":[9,58],"in":[10,47,53,78,136,148,209,220],"substation":[11],"automation":[12],"system":[13],"(SAS),":[14],"even":[15],"if":[16],"some":[17,111,201],"aspects":[18],"related":[19],"to":[20,55,150,159,198],"the":[21,33,48,56,79,82,108,120,124,137,142,145,152,167,180,192,215,218,221,225,233],"network-based":[22],"time":[23,46,65,92,98,113,153,162,194,226,249],"synchronization":[24,66,95,212,246],"are":[25,129,134,164,196,252],"still":[26],"under":[27],"investigation.":[28],"latest":[30],"version":[31],"of":[32,110,182,202,211,224,232,235],"IEC":[34,75],"introduces":[37,105],"IEEE":[38,83,156],"1588":[39,84,157],"Precision":[40],"Time":[41,61],"Protocol":[42,62],"(PTP)":[43],"for":[44,100,242],"distributing":[45],"station":[49],"and":[50,73,86,94,106,144,239,248],"process":[51],"buses,":[52],"addition":[54],"previously":[57],"Simple":[59],"Network":[60],"(SNTP).":[63],"Some":[64],"problems":[67],"may":[68],"arise":[69],"when":[70],"mixing":[71],"old":[72],"new":[74],"devices":[77,132],"same":[80,125,168],"system;":[81],"PTP":[85,158],"SNTP":[87,222,236],"technologies":[88],"have":[89,123,204],"somewhat":[90],"different":[91,116],"representations":[93],"schemes,":[96],"requiring":[97],"gateways":[99,114,122,163,195],"smooth":[101],"integration.":[102],"This":[103],"paper":[104],"compares":[107],"performance":[109,206],"compact":[112],"with":[115],"implementation":[117,223],"architectures.":[118],"All":[119],"examined":[121],"external":[126],"structure:":[127],"They":[128],"transparent":[130],"two-port":[131],"which":[133],"inserted":[135],"last":[138],"network":[139],"link":[140],"between":[141,245],"switch":[143],"end":[146],"device,":[147],"order":[149],"perform":[151],"conversion":[154],"from":[155],"SNTP.":[160],"built":[165],"using":[166],"hardware":[169],"platform":[170],"based":[171],"on":[172],"a":[173],"Field":[174],"Programmable":[175],"Gate":[176],"Array":[177],"that":[178,190],"enables":[179],"creation":[181],"real":[183],"embedded":[184],"prototypes.":[185],"experimental":[187],"results":[188],"show":[189],"all":[191],"considered":[193],"applicable":[197],"SAS,":[199],"but":[200],"them":[203],"better":[205],"than":[207],"others":[208],"terms":[210],"accuracy.":[213],"Moreover,":[214],"authors":[216],"identify":[217],"bottleneck":[219],"gateway":[227,250],"architecture.":[228],"A":[229],"careful":[230],"analysis":[231],"behavior":[234],"proposed,":[238],"useful":[240],"suggestions":[241],"trading":[243],"off":[244],"accuracy":[247],"complexity":[251],"given.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}