{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2074608686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2180974","title":"Experimental Characterization of Uncertainty Sources in a Software-Only Synchronization System","display_name":"Experimental Characterization of Uncertainty Sources in a Software-Only Synchronization System","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2074608686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2180974","mag":"2074608686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2011.2180974","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2180974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2158/655114","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017887033","display_name":"Paolo Ferrari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6349-4410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79940851","display_name":"University of Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Ferrari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087795637","display_name":"Alessandra Flammini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2046-0720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79940851","display_name":"University of Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandra Flammini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007335960","display_name":"Stefano Rinaldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-1053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79940851","display_name":"University of Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Rinaldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016669256","display_name":"Andrea Bondavalli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-6530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Bondavalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Informatics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","Dept. of Syst. & Inf., Univ. of Florence, Florence, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Informatics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Syst. & Inf., Univ. of Florence, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037394247","display_name":"Francesco Brancati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3624-2354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Brancati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Informatics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","Dept. of Syst. & Inf., Univ. of Florence, Florence, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Informatics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Syst. & Inf., Univ. of Florence, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017887033"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.58067709,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97311806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"5","first_page":"1512","last_page":"1521"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11125","display_name":"Petri Nets in System Modeling","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7807493209838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.7586959004402161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timestamp","display_name":"Timestamp","score":0.7306256294250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-synchronization","display_name":"Data synchronization","score":0.6153352856636047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5780037045478821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-synchronization","display_name":"Clock synchronization","score":0.5691100358963013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.49313730001449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.48948585987091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4570614695549011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-time-protocol","display_name":"Network Time Protocol","score":0.451797217130661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.44017383456230164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4178246557712555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33388468623161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.31948620080947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.21543407440185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1536424160003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-synchronization","display_name":"Time synchronization","score":0.14310148358345032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11724787950515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.07931187748908997}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7807493209838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.7586959004402161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113954288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186885","display_name":"Timestamp","level":2,"score":0.7306256294250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108734733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172333","display_name":"Data synchronization","level":3,"score":0.6153352856636047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5780037045478821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129891060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513059","display_name":"Clock synchronization","level":4,"score":0.5691100358963013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.49313730001449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.48948585987091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4570614695549011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178148046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217491","display_name":"Network Time Protocol","level":3,"score":0.451797217130661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.44017383456230164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4178246557712555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33388468623161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.31948620080947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.21543407440185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1536424160003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986737936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058791","display_name":"Time synchronization","level":2,"score":0.14310148358345032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11724787950515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.07931187748908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2011.2180974","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2180974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/655114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2158/655114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unibs.it:11379/132126","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11379/132126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400804","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/655114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2158/655114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0166hxq48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576624296","https://openalex.org/W1627303300","https://openalex.org/W1653890114","https://openalex.org/W1978862144","https://openalex.org/W1984675267","https://openalex.org/W2036548030","https://openalex.org/W2038619423","https://openalex.org/W2056552736","https://openalex.org/W2096992367","https://openalex.org/W2098645860","https://openalex.org/W2102033733","https://openalex.org/W2106292951","https://openalex.org/W2107410176","https://openalex.org/W2110710585","https://openalex.org/W2115438061","https://openalex.org/W2133128142","https://openalex.org/W2136263258","https://openalex.org/W2140056077","https://openalex.org/W2144863881","https://openalex.org/W2163166842","https://openalex.org/W2164182784","https://openalex.org/W2986769529","https://openalex.org/W3047697638","https://openalex.org/W3148364077","https://openalex.org/W6675163352","https://openalex.org/W6676033377"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349219591","https://openalex.org/W2369487957","https://openalex.org/W2376241016","https://openalex.org/W2003535246","https://openalex.org/W2554644185","https://openalex.org/W2141534191","https://openalex.org/W2389285338","https://openalex.org/W2355762271","https://openalex.org/W2278920673","https://openalex.org/W2187730212"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,27,40,44,48,71,91,123,168,171,201,218,231,235,245,254,258,264,269,274],"past":[2],"few":[3,148],"decades,":[4],"centralized":[5],"computing":[6],"systems":[7],"have":[8,54],"been":[9,55],"replaced":[10],"by":[11,19,47,253,268],"decentralized":[12],"systems,":[13,139],"consisting":[14],"of":[15,26,61,125,151,170,183,204,217,239,257,276,282],"simple":[16],"nodes":[17,29],"interconnected":[18],"a":[20,77,97,141,147,176,180,190,198,214,240],"communication":[21],"network.":[22],"The":[23,160,226],"time":[24,73,187],"reference":[25],"distributed":[28],"must":[30],"be":[31,36,58,114,251],"synchronized":[32],"in":[33,104,137,163,175,189,230,261,273,280],"order":[34,275],"to":[35,38,57,83,101,149,156,290],"able":[37],"coordinate":[39],"operation":[41],"or":[42,65,158],"compare":[43],"data":[45],"collected":[46],"different":[49],"nodes.":[50],"Several":[51],"synchronization":[52,67,80,98,103,112,143,242],"protocols":[53],"developed":[56],"used":[59,82],"instead":[60],"global":[62],"positioning":[63],"system":[64],"dedicated":[66,100,118],"systems.":[68],"For":[69,128],"example,":[70],"network":[72],"protocol":[74,81,99],"(NTP)":[75],"is":[76,193,207,224,244,272],"very":[78],"popular":[79],"synchronize":[84],"computers":[85],"over":[86],"wide":[87],"area":[88],"networks,":[89,106],"like":[90],"Internet.":[92],"In":[93,196],"addition,":[94,197],"IEEE":[95,219],"1588,":[96],"high-performance":[102],"local":[105],"was":[107],"recently":[108],"established.":[109],"However,":[110],"submicroseconds":[111],"can":[113,250,287],"obtained":[115],"only":[116],"using":[117],"hardware":[119],"devices,":[120],"thereby":[121],"increasing":[122],"cost":[124],"each":[126],"node.":[127],"these":[129],"reasons,":[130],"PTP":[131],"software-only":[132,177,241],"implementations":[133],"are":[134],"quite":[135,154],"common":[136],"real":[138],"with":[140],"resulting":[142],"uncertainty":[144,173,205,237,266],"varying":[145],"from":[146],"hundreds":[150],"microseconds":[152],"and":[153,186],"burdensome":[155],"estimate":[157],"measure.":[159],"work":[161],"presented":[162,229],"this":[164],"paper":[165,232],"focuses":[166],"on":[167,213],"analysis":[169,182],"major":[172],"contributions":[174,206],"implementation.":[178],"Particularly,":[179],"careful":[181],"timestamp":[184,246,270],"mechanism":[185,271],"management":[188],"PC":[191],"platform":[192],"carried":[194],"out.":[195],"method":[199],"for":[200],"experimental":[202,227],"evaluation":[203],"proposed.":[208],"A":[209],"test":[210],"case":[211,281],"based":[212],"software":[215],"implementation":[216],"1588":[220],"(the":[221],"so-called":[222],"PTPd)":[223],"presented.":[225],"tests":[228],"highlight":[233],"that":[234],"main":[236],"source":[238],"approach":[243],"method.":[247],"Timestamping":[248],"accuracy":[249],"affected":[252],"computational":[255,284],"load":[256],"node":[259],"itself:":[260],"normal":[262],"conditions,":[263],"maximum":[265],"introduced":[267],"10":[277],",":[278],"but":[279],"high":[283],"load,":[285],"it":[286],"raise":[288],"up":[289],"224":[291],"\u03bcs.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
