{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2142224645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2171589","title":"Compact Millimeter-Wave Sensor for Remote Monitoring of Vital Signs","display_name":"Compact Millimeter-Wave Sensor for Remote Monitoring of Vital Signs","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2142224645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2171589","mag":"2142224645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2011.2171589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2171589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103139245","display_name":"Sasan Bakhtiari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4243-0343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sasan Bakhtiari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA","Nucl. Eng. Div., Argonne Nat. Lab., Lemont, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nucl. Eng. Div., Argonne Nat. Lab., Lemont, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016787038","display_name":"Thomas W. Elmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-5928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas W. Elmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA","Nucl. Eng. Div., Argonne Nat. Lab., Lemont, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nucl. Eng. Div., Argonne Nat. Lab., Lemont, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003348932","display_name":"Nicholas M. Cox","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas M. Cox","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA","Nucl. Eng. Div., Argonne Nat. Lab., Lemont, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nucl. Eng. Div., Argonne Nat. Lab., Lemont, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023229296","display_name":"N. Gopalsami","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nachappa Gopalsami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA","Nucl. Eng. Div., Argonne Nat. Lab., Lemont, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nucl. Eng. Div., Argonne Nat. Lab., Lemont, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Appostolos C. Raptis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Appostolos C. Raptis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA","Nucl. Eng. Div., Argonne Nat. Lab., Lemont, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nucl. Eng. Div., Argonne Nat. Lab., Lemont, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080246526","display_name":"Shaolin Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4432-3448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaolin Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA","Nucl. Eng. Div., Argonne Nat. Lab., Lemont, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nucl. Eng. Div., Argonne Nat. Lab., Lemont, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057090104","display_name":"Ilya V. Mikhelson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5111-791X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilya Mikhelson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036593593","display_name":"Alan V. Sahakian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3090-0328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan V. Sahakian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3744,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92215269,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"3","first_page":"830","last_page":"841"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-patient-monitoring","display_name":"Remote patient monitoring","score":0.5347897410392761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.47143808007240295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.4652014672756195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.45172446966171265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.44262945652008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4287567734718323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.4269988536834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.4199991822242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.4146277904510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.41372281312942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3909156024456024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.35058531165122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.30591315031051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.22515133023262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2212136685848236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175079658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7312165","display_name":"Remote patient monitoring","level":2,"score":0.5347897410392761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.47143808007240295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.4652014672756195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.45172446966171265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.44262945652008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4287567734718323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.4269988536834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.4199991822242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.4146277904510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.41372281312942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3909156024456024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.35058531165122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.30591315031051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.22515133023262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2212136685848236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2011.2171589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2171589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1677782077","https://openalex.org/W1908006130","https://openalex.org/W1965391653","https://openalex.org/W1982482421","https://openalex.org/W1983848784","https://openalex.org/W2038323669","https://openalex.org/W2045727797","https://openalex.org/W2099743383","https://openalex.org/W2105495650","https://openalex.org/W2121536419","https://openalex.org/W2135184239","https://openalex.org/W2147475330","https://openalex.org/W2153816619","https://openalex.org/W2156308174","https://openalex.org/W2162632502","https://openalex.org/W2163232697","https://openalex.org/W4245055822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130674020","https://openalex.org/W2093748878","https://openalex.org/W2333771223","https://openalex.org/W2783437851","https://openalex.org/W4249165909","https://openalex.org/W2120056845","https://openalex.org/W1981531423","https://openalex.org/W1672137312","https://openalex.org/W2035264131","https://openalex.org/W1679012645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,42],"compact":[1],"millimeter-wave":[2],"(MMW)":[3],"sensor":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6,97],"developed":[7,74],"for":[8,139,155,166],"remote":[9,178],"monitoring":[10],"of":[11,44,66,80,84,102,110,161],"human":[12],"vital":[13],"signs":[14],"(heart":[15],"and":[16,33,37,50,55,70,135,147,177],"respiration":[17,148],"rate).":[18],"The":[19,150],"low-power":[20],"homodyne":[21],"transceiver":[22],"operating":[23],"at":[24],"94":[25],"GHz":[26],"was":[27],"assembled":[28],"by":[29],"using":[30],"solid-state":[31],"active":[32],"passive":[34],"block-type":[35],"components":[36],"can":[38],"be":[39,117,153],"battery":[40],"operated.":[41],"description":[43],"the":[45,51,64,91,107,111,125],"MMW":[46,126],"system":[47,127,151],"front":[48],"end":[49],"back-end":[52],"acquisition":[53],"hardware":[54],"software":[56],"is":[57,114],"presented.":[58],"Representative":[59],"test":[60],"case":[61],"results":[62],"on":[63],"application":[65],"various":[67],"signal":[68],"processing":[69],"data":[71],"analysis":[72],"algorithms":[73],"to":[75,99,104,116],"extract":[76],"faint":[77],"physiological":[78],"signals":[79],"interest":[81],"in":[82,157,180],"presence":[83],"strong":[85],"background":[86],"interference":[87],"are":[88],"provided.":[89],"Although":[90],"laboratory":[92],"experiments":[93],"so":[94],"far":[95],"have":[96],"limited":[98],"standoff":[100,162],"distances":[101],"up":[103],"15":[105],"m,":[106],"upper":[108],"limit":[109],"detection":[112,137],"range":[113,138,160],"expected":[115],"higher.":[118],"In":[119],"comparison":[120],"with":[121,145],"its":[122],"microwave":[123],"counterparts,":[124],"described":[128],"here":[129],"provides":[130],"higher":[131],"directivity,":[132],"increased":[133],"sensitivity,":[134],"longer":[136],"measuring":[140],"subtle":[141],"mechanical":[142],"displacements":[143],"associated":[144],"heart":[146],"functions.":[149],"may":[152],"adapted":[154],"use":[156],"a":[158],"wide":[159],"sensing":[163],"applications":[164],"including":[165],"patient":[167],"health":[168,171],"care,":[169],"structural":[170],"monitoring,":[172],"nondestructive":[173],"testing,":[174],"biometric":[175],"sensing,":[176],"vibrometry":[179],"general.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}