{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2038798543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2150630","title":"Identification of Defective Areas in Composite Materials by Bivariate EMD Analysis of Ultrasound","display_name":"Identification of Defective Areas in Composite Materials by Bivariate EMD Analysis of Ultrasound","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2038798543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2150630","mag":"2038798543"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2011.2150630","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2150630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075788811","display_name":"Marco Leo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5636-6130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197604219","display_name":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02eq2w707","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197604219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146308","display_name":"Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/051t1q308","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146308","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Leo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation, Italian National Research Council, Bari, Italy","Inst. of Intell. Syst. for Autom., Italian Nat. Res. Council, Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation, Italian National Research Council, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146308","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Intell. Syst. for Autom., Italian Nat. Res. Council, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197604219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007939707","display_name":"David Looney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Looney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK","Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Imperial Coll. of Sci. Technol. & Med., London, , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Imperial Coll. of Sci. Technol. & Med., London, , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050637227","display_name":"Tiziana D\u2019Orazio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197604219","display_name":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02eq2w707","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197604219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146308","display_name":"Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/051t1q308","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146308","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiziana D'Orazio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation, Italian National Research Council, Bari, Italy","Inst. of Intell. Syst. for Autom., Italian Nat. Res. Council, Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation, Italian National Research Council, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146308","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Intell. Syst. for Autom., Italian Nat. Res. Council, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197604219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103001848","display_name":"Danilo P. Mandic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8432-3963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danilo P. Mandic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK","Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Imperial Coll. of Sci. Technol. & Med., London, , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Imperial Coll. of Sci. Technol. & Med., London, , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5681,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94991327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"1","first_page":"221","last_page":"232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hilbert\u2013huang-transform","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","score":0.7916043400764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.7841910719871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-pre-processing","display_name":"Data pre-processing","score":0.6492557525634766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.631988525390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5806548595428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondestructive-testing","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","score":0.5180190205574036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.5013175010681152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-sensor","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","score":0.49493664503097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4892599284648895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4836789071559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48004424571990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46098312735557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.44622063636779785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.4457648992538452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.43211933970451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bivariate-analysis","display_name":"Bivariate analysis","score":0.41650158166885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3899189829826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.3088834285736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.16447529196739197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25570617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006462","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","level":3,"score":0.7916043400764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.7841910719871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10551718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227332","display_name":"Data pre-processing","level":2,"score":0.6492557525634766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.631988525390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5806548595428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56529433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626700","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","level":2,"score":0.5180190205574036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.5013175010681152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.49493664503097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4892599284648895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4836789071559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48004424571990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46098312735557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.44622063636779785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.4457648992538452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.43211933970451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64341305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4919225","display_name":"Bivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.41650158166885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3899189829826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.3088834285736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.16447529196739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2011.2150630","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2150630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.711.4813","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.711.4813","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.commsp.ee.ic.ac.uk/%7Emandic/research/Leo_Dave_Tiziana_DPM_EMD_Defective_Material_IEEE_IM_2012.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83984544","https://openalex.org/W185294923","https://openalex.org/W340263924","https://openalex.org/W1965254972","https://openalex.org/W1969229935","https://openalex.org/W1976968614","https://openalex.org/W1978971177","https://openalex.org/W1998571922","https://openalex.org/W2003119568","https://openalex.org/W2007221293","https://openalex.org/W2009149272","https://openalex.org/W2024171748","https://openalex.org/W2028263350","https://openalex.org/W2052745931","https://openalex.org/W2061446052","https://openalex.org/W2065975590","https://openalex.org/W2073606477","https://openalex.org/W2075947264","https://openalex.org/W2077664060","https://openalex.org/W2098930218","https://openalex.org/W2111564755","https://openalex.org/W2120390927","https://openalex.org/W2125027820","https://openalex.org/W2126185804","https://openalex.org/W2130331473","https://openalex.org/W2133028937","https://openalex.org/W2134391845","https://openalex.org/W2136342333","https://openalex.org/W2145444486","https://openalex.org/W2155876893","https://openalex.org/W2156854447","https://openalex.org/W2162746294","https://openalex.org/W2171167603","https://openalex.org/W2254792940","https://openalex.org/W2295129456","https://openalex.org/W2321552821","https://openalex.org/W2345500394","https://openalex.org/W2347279550","https://openalex.org/W2518699103","https://openalex.org/W3099514962","https://openalex.org/W4231025178","https://openalex.org/W4250857377","https://openalex.org/W6607525225","https://openalex.org/W6679978324","https://openalex.org/W6704571658","https://openalex.org/W6705134573"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391959412","https://openalex.org/W2126100045","https://openalex.org/W2610802008","https://openalex.org/W2037287853","https://openalex.org/W2351603355","https://openalex.org/W2037185112","https://openalex.org/W4239567427","https://openalex.org/W2135655321","https://openalex.org/W3011169017","https://openalex.org/W2120395111"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,21],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"many":[3],"alternative":[4],"methodologies":[5],"and":[6,15,79,140,156],"techniques":[7,24],"have":[8,25],"been":[9,103],"proposed":[10,161],"to":[11,27,52,75,147],"perform":[12],"nondestructive":[13],"inspection":[14,33],"maintenance":[16],"operations":[17],"of":[18,71,123,138,159],"moving":[19],"structures.":[20],"particular,":[22],"ultrasonic":[23,87],"shown":[26],"be":[28],"very":[29],"promising":[30],"for":[31,109,130],"automatic":[32],"systems.":[34],"From":[35],"the":[36,42,49,58,61,136,157,160],"literature,":[37],"it":[38],"is":[39,66,74,118,163],"evident":[40],"that":[41,84,101],"neural":[43],"paradigms":[44],"are":[45,154],"considered,":[46],"by":[47],"now,":[48],"best":[50],"choice":[51],"automatically":[53],"classify":[54],"ultrasound":[55],"data.":[56,115],"At":[57],"same":[59],"time,":[60],"most":[62],"appropriate":[63],"preprocessing":[64,82],"technique":[65,83],"still":[67],"undecided.":[68],"The":[69],"aim":[70],"this":[72],"paper":[73],"propose":[76],"a":[77,98,127],"new":[78],"innovative":[80],"data":[81,88],"converts":[85],"real-valued":[86],"into":[89],"complex-valued":[90],"signals.":[91],"This":[92],"allows":[93],"analysis":[94],"using":[95,120],"phase":[96],"synchrony,":[97],"robust":[99,111],"tool":[100],"has":[102],"previously":[104],"employed":[105],"in":[106,113,151],"brain":[107],"science":[108],"establishing":[110],"features":[112],"noisy":[114],"Synchrony":[116],"estimation":[117],"achieved":[119],"complex":[121],"extensions":[122],"empirical":[124],"mode":[125],"decomposition,":[126],"data-driven":[128],"algorithm":[129],"detecting":[131],"temporal":[132],"scales,":[133],"thus":[134],"facilitating":[135],"modeling":[137],"nonlinear":[139],"nonstationary":[141],"signal":[142],"dynamics.":[143],"Experimental":[144],"tests":[145],"aiming":[146],"detect":[148],"defective":[149],"areas":[150],"composite":[152],"materials":[153],"reported,":[155],"effectiveness":[158],"methodology":[162],"illustrated.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
