{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2108861194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2010.2040970","title":"Multimodal Vision\u2013Haptic Perception of Digital Watermarks Embedded in 3-D Meshes","display_name":"Multimodal Vision\u2013Haptic Perception of Digital Watermarks Embedded in 3-D Meshes","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2108861194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2010.2040970","mag":"2108861194"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2010.2040970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2010.2040970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109889197","display_name":"Nizar Sakr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nizar Sakr","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111720385","display_name":"Nicolas D. Georganas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50357001","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802499160","display_name":"IMDEA Networks","ror":"https://ror.org/04mm9fg30","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas D Georganas","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMDEA Networks, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain","IMDEA Networks, Univ. Carlos III of Madrid, Leganes, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Networks, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802499160","https://openalex.org/I50357001"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Networks, Univ. Carlos III of Madrid, Leganes, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802499160","https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102917691","display_name":"Jiying Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7921-6503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiying Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023904661","display_name":"Emil M. Petriu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0274-1035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emil M Petriu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109889197"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4735,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6727635,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"5","first_page":"1047","last_page":"1055"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11687","display_name":"Teleoperation and Haptic Systems","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-technology","display_name":"Haptic technology","score":0.934819221496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7446864247322083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7230448722839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.7106241583824158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-perception","display_name":"Haptic perception","score":0.6821404695510864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6456816792488098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5242120027542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5187168717384338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.5169636607170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-image","display_name":"Virtual image","score":0.4850103557109833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.45933404564857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygon-mesh","display_name":"Polygon mesh","score":0.42899268865585327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.33855921030044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3143584132194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1409376561641693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.07060232758522034}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.934819221496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7446864247322083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7230448722839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.7106241583824158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778360479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289489","display_name":"Haptic perception","level":3,"score":0.6821404695510864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6456816792488098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5242120027542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5187168717384338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.5169636607170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51970089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44415","display_name":"Virtual image","level":2,"score":0.4850103557109833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.45933404564857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31487907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154597","display_name":"Polygon mesh","level":2,"score":0.42899268865585327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.33855921030044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3143584132194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1409376561641693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.07060232758522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2010.2040970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2010.2040970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W108041235","https://openalex.org/W176685319","https://openalex.org/W613915539","https://openalex.org/W1484864026","https://openalex.org/W1495290874","https://openalex.org/W1524144700","https://openalex.org/W1581892824","https://openalex.org/W1968676209","https://openalex.org/W1973377328","https://openalex.org/W1978637010","https://openalex.org/W1985535708","https://openalex.org/W1990646295","https://openalex.org/W2018615287","https://openalex.org/W2037399678","https://openalex.org/W2060301656","https://openalex.org/W2075049161","https://openalex.org/W2096147331","https://openalex.org/W2102891578","https://openalex.org/W2120953404","https://openalex.org/W2124225389","https://openalex.org/W2125544194","https://openalex.org/W2126175237","https://openalex.org/W2140232468","https://openalex.org/W2142760031","https://openalex.org/W2147237708","https://openalex.org/W2148329528","https://openalex.org/W2155804911","https://openalex.org/W2160161591","https://openalex.org/W2162067572","https://openalex.org/W2288146251","https://openalex.org/W2481800796","https://openalex.org/W2798157462","https://openalex.org/W2886060437","https://openalex.org/W2897971917","https://openalex.org/W4205292914","https://openalex.org/W4229500531","https://openalex.org/W4230832558","https://openalex.org/W4242439707","https://openalex.org/W4385326367","https://openalex.org/W6607191741","https://openalex.org/W6629451636","https://openalex.org/W6634841796","https://openalex.org/W6644942044","https://openalex.org/W6659918582","https://openalex.org/W6696529113","https://openalex.org/W6805545623","https://openalex.org/W6854958406","https://openalex.org/W6986394810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2146087280","https://openalex.org/W2797565618","https://openalex.org/W2427793137","https://openalex.org/W2156701455","https://openalex.org/W2998207585","https://openalex.org/W2439615175","https://openalex.org/W2128748088","https://openalex.org/W1981945132","https://openalex.org/W61839518","https://openalex.org/W3160734479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,172],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,18,22,35,39,46,56,63,76,104,165,169],"study":[4],"is":[5,41,69,114,155,192],"conducted":[6,116],"to":[7,60,82,117],"investigate":[8],"the":[9,15,32,53,89,120,123,131,140,146,160,179,182,186,189,195],"role":[10],"of":[11,17,34,55,99,111,122,139,159,181,188,194],"multisensory":[12],"feedback":[13,154],"in":[14,21,50,92,168],"perception":[16],"watermark":[19,57,133,166,191],"embedded":[20,167],"haptic-enabled":[23],"3-D":[24,47,143,170,190],"virtual":[25,86,142],"surface.":[26],"Specifically,":[27],"we":[28],"focus":[29],"on":[30,130,151,185],"whether":[31],"use":[33],"bimodal":[36,152],"approach,":[37],"where":[38],"subject":[40],"looking":[42],"at,":[43],"and":[44,84,101,128],"touching":[45],"mesh":[48],"could":[49],"fact":[51],"improve":[52],"perceptibility":[54,187],"as":[58],"opposed":[59],"when":[61,163],"only":[62],"single":[64,161],"modality":[65,184],"(vision-alone":[66],"or":[67],"haptic-alone)":[68],"available.":[70],"The":[71],"experiments":[72],"are":[73],"performed":[74],"using":[75],"vision-haptic":[77,153],"interface":[78],"that":[79,149,178],"enables":[80,96],"users":[81],"see":[83],"touch":[85,102],"objects":[87],"at":[88],"same":[90],"location":[91],"space.":[93],"This":[94],"approach":[95],"superior":[97],"integration":[98],"vision":[100],"than":[103,157],"conventional":[105],"2-D":[106],"screen-based":[107],"display.":[108],"An":[109],"analysis":[110],"variance":[112],"(ANOVA)":[113],"also":[115],"statistically":[118],"explore":[119],"impact":[121,180],"considered":[124],"modalities":[125,162],"(vision,":[126],"haptic,":[127],"vision-haptic)":[129],"measured":[132],"detection":[134],"thresholds":[135],"across":[136],"different":[137],"resolutions":[138],"underlying":[141],"mesh.":[144],"Overall,":[145],"results":[147],"suggest":[148],"relying":[150],"better":[156],"any":[158],"detecting":[164],"model.":[171],"addition,":[173],"it":[174],"has":[175],"been":[176],"assessed":[177],"selected":[183],"independent":[193],"chosen":[196],"surface":[197],"resolution.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
