{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2114705933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2009.2037871","title":"Toward Force-Based Signature Verification: A Pen-Type Sensor and Preliminary Validation","display_name":"Toward Force-Based Signature Verification: A Pen-Type Sensor and Preliminary Validation","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2114705933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2009.2037871","mag":"2114705933"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2009.2037871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2009.2037871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007295700","display_name":"Dangxiao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3178-6494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dangxiao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","[State Key Lab. of Virtual Reality Technol. & Syst., Beihang Univ., Beijing, China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[State Key Lab. of Virtual Reality Technol. & Syst., Beihang Univ., Beijing, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101471324","display_name":"Yuru Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2054-2483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuru Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","[State Key Lab. of Virtual Reality Technol. & Syst., Beihang Univ., Beijing, China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[State Key Lab. of Virtual Reality Technol. & Syst., Beihang Univ., Beijing, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020618445","display_name":"Chong Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4660-2919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161830","display_name":"Kunshan Industrial Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05sshc517","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161830"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chong Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Advanced Integration Technology, Chinese Academy and Sciences, Shenzhen, China","Kunshan Ind. Technol. Res. Inst., Kunshan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Advanced Integration Technology, Chinese Academy and Sciences, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kunshan Ind. Technol. Res. Inst., Kunshan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008305704","display_name":"Jun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4237-1806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","[State Key Lab. of Virtual Reality Technol. & Syst., Beihang Univ., Beijing, China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[State Key Lab. of Virtual Reality Technol. & Syst., Beihang Univ., Beijing, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076207146","display_name":"Huimin Jiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huimin Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","[State Key Lab. of Virtual Reality Technol. & Syst., Beihang Univ., Beijing, China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[State Key Lab. of Virtual Reality Technol. & Syst., Beihang Univ., Beijing, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033859778","display_name":"Muli Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-0005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muli Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","[State Key Lab. of Virtual Reality Technol. & Syst., Beihang Univ., Beijing, China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[State Key Lab. of Virtual Reality Technol. & Syst., Beihang Univ., Beijing, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9062,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91866762,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"4","first_page":"752","last_page":"762"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.5767408013343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5546414852142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5160031318664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-time-warping","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","score":0.5136744379997253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/force-dynamics","display_name":"Force dynamics","score":0.42590391635894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3882850110530853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3237491250038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.299685537815094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15862935781478882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.08463633060455322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5767408013343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5546414852142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5160031318664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88516994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268863","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","level":2,"score":0.5136744379997253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199723944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3041998","display_name":"Force dynamics","level":2,"score":0.42590391635894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3882850110530853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3237491250038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.299685537815094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15862935781478882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08463633060455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2009.2037871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2009.2037871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W235608144","https://openalex.org/W1528030945","https://openalex.org/W1980515812","https://openalex.org/W2025313164","https://openalex.org/W2027206587","https://openalex.org/W2033390382","https://openalex.org/W2055910046","https://openalex.org/W2060755870","https://openalex.org/W2062219129","https://openalex.org/W2074709908","https://openalex.org/W2091232557","https://openalex.org/W2097772899","https://openalex.org/W2101539456","https://openalex.org/W2108263763","https://openalex.org/W2140959843","https://openalex.org/W2142069714","https://openalex.org/W2150777338","https://openalex.org/W2168054326"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030799363","https://openalex.org/W2950183183","https://openalex.org/W2341338763","https://openalex.org/W2074035358","https://openalex.org/W2883497455","https://openalex.org/W4288408129","https://openalex.org/W4385731201","https://openalex.org/W2930568688","https://openalex.org/W2079894723","https://openalex.org/W2462421451"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,15,35,52],"compact":[1,36],"pen-type":[2],"force":[3,50,61,74,94,103,144],"sensor":[4,78,95],"is":[5,22,41,44,56,70,138,151,164,185],"developed":[6],"to":[7,24,58,99,106,122,153],"study":[8],"the":[9,29,33,60,64,73,77,81,93,101,108,124,130,136,172,180,190,193],"feasibility":[10],"of":[11,92,110,129,142,192],"force-based":[12,196],"signature":[13,161,197],"verification.":[14,198],"force-sensing":[16,39],"method":[17,177],"based":[18,170],"on":[19,171],"leverage":[20],"effect":[21],"proposed":[23],"detect":[25],"3-D":[26,143],"forces":[27],"between":[28],"pen's":[30],"tip":[31],"and":[32,37,80,105,126],"paper.":[34],"low-cost":[38],"assembly":[40],"designed,":[42],"which":[43,69,188],"integrated":[45],"by":[46],"five":[47],"off-the-shelf":[48],"1-D":[49],"sensors.":[51],"matrix-based":[53],"measurement":[54],"model":[55],"established":[57],"compute":[59],"signal":[62,75,83],"in":[63,76],"task":[65],"coordinate":[66],"system":[67],"(CS),":[68],"transformed":[71],"from":[72,84],"CS":[79],"angle":[82,87],"a":[85,159],"2-D":[86],"sensor.":[88],"The":[89,132,167],"structural":[90],"parameters":[91],"are":[96,119],"determined":[97],"both":[98],"achieve":[100],"required":[102],"accuracy":[104,128,150],"meet":[107],"constraints":[109],"pen":[111,137,194],"size":[112],"for":[113,140,195],"comfortable":[114],"grasping.":[115],"System":[116],"performance":[117],"experiments":[118],"carried":[120,165],"out":[121],"measure":[123],"absolute":[125],"repetitive":[127],"pen.":[131],"results":[133,169],"show":[134,178],"that":[135,179],"capable":[139],"detection":[141],"signals":[145],"during":[146],"real-time":[147],"handwriting.":[148],"Repetitive":[149],"measured":[152],"be":[154],"about":[155,186],"0.05":[156],"N.":[157],"Finally,":[158],"small-scale":[160],"verification":[162,168],"experiment":[163],"out.":[166],"dynamic":[173],"time":[174],"warping":[175],"(DTW)":[176],"equal":[181],"error":[182],"rate":[183],"(EER)":[184],"6.3%,":[187],"illustrates":[189],"potential":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
