{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2101446634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2007.891135","title":"Frequency-Stability Performances of the Pulsed Optically Pumped Rubidium Clock: Recent Results and Future Perspectives","display_name":"Frequency-Stability Performances of the Pulsed Optically Pumped Rubidium Clock: Recent Results and Future Perspectives","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2101446634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2007.891135","mag":"2101446634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2007.891135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2007.891135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111899917","display_name":"A. Godone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Godone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, Italy","Ist. Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ist. Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072151059","display_name":"Filippo Levi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0206-9082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Levi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, Italy","Ist. Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ist. Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022906959","display_name":"Salvatore Micalizio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8363-1996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Micalizio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, Italy","Ist. Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ist. Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083511258","display_name":"Elio K. Bertacco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2557-5882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E.K. Bertacco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, Italy","Ist. Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ist. Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077371936","display_name":"Claudio Calosso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7305-3734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.E. Calosso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, Italy","Ist. Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ist. Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111899917"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2378,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87965581,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"2","first_page":"378","last_page":"382"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10425","display_name":"Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.7079353928565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-standard","display_name":"Frequency standard","score":0.695979118347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-clock","display_name":"Atomic clock","score":0.6663931012153625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rubidium","display_name":"Rubidium","score":0.6311694383621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buffer-gas","display_name":"Buffer gas","score":0.5246327519416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-delay-and-integration","display_name":"Time delay and integration","score":0.4930281341075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.4305270314216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.42211073637008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-chemistry","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","score":0.417793333530426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.34595975279808044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3363170325756073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.335305780172348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31610429286956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.293795108795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2790156900882721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.2478092908859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20655733346939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.19661912322044373}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.7079353928565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131221115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362396","display_name":"Frequency standard","level":2,"score":0.695979118347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196597080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227467","display_name":"Atomic clock","level":2,"score":0.6663931012153625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526903357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q895","display_name":"Rubidium","level":3,"score":0.6311694383621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48597763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4985952","display_name":"Buffer gas","level":3,"score":0.5246327519416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96566525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805282","display_name":"Time delay and integration","level":2,"score":0.4930281341075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.4305270314216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.42211073637008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.417793333530426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.34595975279808044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3363170325756073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.335305780172348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31610429286956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.293795108795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2790156900882721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2478092908859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20655733346939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.19661912322044373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517785266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q703","display_name":"Potassium","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2007.891135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2007.891135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.inrim.it:11696/32512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11696/32512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400708","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (IRIS Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W86742233","https://openalex.org/W1636112602","https://openalex.org/W2031826246","https://openalex.org/W2052944659","https://openalex.org/W2086121975","https://openalex.org/W2104983060","https://openalex.org/W2111953589","https://openalex.org/W2113516965","https://openalex.org/W2149234639","https://openalex.org/W2157474420","https://openalex.org/W4206655417","https://openalex.org/W6636808096"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2047808444","https://openalex.org/W2022852532","https://openalex.org/W2073945209","https://openalex.org/W2371105007","https://openalex.org/W3217738431","https://openalex.org/W1639650251","https://openalex.org/W4224037206","https://openalex.org/W2375578001","https://openalex.org/W1945428211","https://openalex.org/W1968687595"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"<para":[0],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[1],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[2],"This":[3],"paper":[4],"presents":[5],"new":[6],"results":[7],"obtained":[8],"with":[9,86],"a":[10,14,22,30,73,82,87],"laboratory":[11],"prototype":[12],"of":[13,36,51,59,76,99,111],"pulsed":[15,113],"optically":[16],"pumped":[17],"frequency":[18,34,93],"standard":[19,78],"based":[20],"on":[21],"vapor":[23],"cell":[24],"containing":[25],"<formula":[26,38,43,52,60],"formulatype=\"inline\"><tex>$^{87}\\hbox{Rb}$</tex></formula>":[27],"diluted":[28],"in":[29,102],"buffer":[31],"gas.":[32],"A":[33],"stability":[35,94],"about":[37],"formulatype=\"inline\"><tex>$1.2":[39],"\\times":[40,54],"10^{-12}$":[41],"</tex></formula>":[42],"formulatype=\"inline\"><tex>$\\tau^{-1/2}$</tex></formula>":[44],"has":[45,63],"been":[46,64],"measured,":[47],"and":[48,91],"the":[49,112],"value":[50],"formulatype=\"inline\"><tex>$3":[53],"10^{-15}$</tex></formula>":[55],"for":[56],"integration":[57],"times":[58],"formulatype=\"inline\"><tex>$10^{5}$</tex></formula>":[61],"s":[62],"achieved":[65],"(drift":[66],"removed":[67],"data).":[68],"These":[69],"performances":[70],"show":[71],"that":[72],"suitable":[74],"implementation":[75],"this":[77],"can":[79],"lead":[80],"to":[81],"compact":[83],"vapor-cell":[84],"clock":[85],"very":[88],"interesting":[89],"short-":[90],"medium-term":[92],"and,":[95],"consequently,":[96],"may":[97],"be":[98],"great":[100],"interest":[101],"radio-navigation":[103],"systems.":[104],"We":[105],"also":[106],"present":[107],"some":[108],"possible":[109],"improvements":[110],"technique.":[114],"</para>":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}