{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143277635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2026.3674223","title":"Spatio-Temporal Delay Aware Causality: A Self-Interpretable Framework for Soft Sensing","display_name":"Spatio-Temporal Delay Aware Causality: A Self-Interpretable Framework for Soft Sensing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7143277635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2026.3674223"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2026.3674223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2026.3674223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109796450","display_name":"Xueqiong Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueqiong Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5803-5510","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130975365","display_name":"Han Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6618-1380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068577043","display_name":"Runyuan Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7426-3212"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runyuan Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7426-3212","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130992805","display_name":"Lingyun Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingyun Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5283-6929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101522028","display_name":"Ding Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2070-9661"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2070-9661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100416422","display_name":"Youmin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9731-5943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youmin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aerospace Engineering and the Concordia Institute of Aerospace Design and Innovation, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9731-5943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aerospace Engineering and the Concordia Institute of Aerospace Design and Innovation, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.9638,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97559649,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"7","first_page":"5987","last_page":"5998"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.2337999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.2337999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.16419999301433563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.09009999781847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-sensor","display_name":"Soft sensor","score":0.2603999972343445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6453999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115575686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822403","display_name":"Soft sensor","level":3,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176563091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669238","display_name":"Intelligent sensor","level":3,"score":0.23980000615119934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2026.3674223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2026.3674223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.44951537251472473}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2197436940","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62403377","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7835115686","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92270117","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1],"increasing":[2],"complexity":[3,144],"of":[4,70],"industrial":[5,86,179],"systems":[6],"and":[7,52,59,74,76,141,159,192,198],"process":[8,208],"data,":[9],"deep":[10],"learning":[11,97],"has":[12],"achieved":[13],"superior":[14],"performance":[15],"in":[16,85,151,188,206],"soft":[17,120,173,203],"sensing":[18],"but":[19,35],"remains":[20,72],"constrained":[21],"by":[22,44,49],"limited":[23],"interpretability.":[24],"Most":[25],"existing":[26],"interpretability":[27,48],"techniques":[28],"are":[29,145],"correlation":[30],"based,":[31],"capturing":[32],"statistical":[33],"dependencies":[34],"providing":[36,195],"little":[37],"insight":[38],"into":[39],"underlying":[40],"mechanisms.":[41],"Causal":[42],"modeling,":[43],"contrast,":[45],"offers":[46],"stronger":[47],"revealing":[50],"directional":[51],"temporal":[53,116],"influences,":[54],"thereby":[55],"improving":[56],"both":[57,189],"reliability":[58],"understanding.":[60],"Although":[61],"some":[62],"recent":[63],"methods":[64],"consider":[65],"time":[66,87],"delays,":[67,136],"their":[68],"treatment":[69],"lags":[71],"coarse":[73],"limited,":[75],"cannot":[77],"adequately":[78],"capture":[79],"heterogeneous":[80],"cross":[81],"variable":[82],"delay":[83,99,106,113,160,165],"patterns":[84],"series.":[88],"To":[89],"address":[90],"these":[91],"limitations,":[92],"we":[93],"propose":[94],"spatio-temporal":[95,105],"causal":[96,117,131,149,157,193],"with":[98,133],"annotation":[100],"(STCLD),":[101],"which":[102],"introduces":[103],"a":[104,124,152,164,171,196],"attention":[107,138],"(STDA)":[108],"module":[109,168],"to":[110,129,147,169],"explicitly":[111],"learn":[112],"annotated":[114],"spatio":[115],"graphs":[118],"for":[119,201],"sensing.":[121],"STDA":[122],"minimizes":[123],"maximum":[125],"mean":[126],"discrepancy":[127],"objective":[128],"discover":[130],"relations":[132],"edge":[134],"specific":[135],"while":[137],"path":[139],"strength":[140],"multidimensional":[142],"dynamic":[143],"used":[146],"infer":[148],"directions":[150],"model-based":[153],"way.":[154],"The":[155],"learned":[156],"graph":[158],"information":[161],"then":[162],"guide":[163],"aware":[166],"prediction":[167],"build":[170],"self-interpretable":[172],"sensor.":[174],"Experiments":[175],"on":[176],"two":[177],"real-world":[178],"datasets":[180],"show":[181],"that":[182],"STCLD":[183],"consistently":[184],"outperforms":[185],"strong":[186],"baselines":[187],"predictive":[190],"accuracy":[191],"interpretability,":[194],"robust":[197],"general":[199],"framework":[200],"interpretable":[202],"sensor":[204],"modeling":[205],"complex":[207],"industries.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-03-31T00:00:00"}
