{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127363049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3635920","title":"Knowledge-Informed Multiagent Deep Reinforcement Learning Strategy for Charging Stations Coordination in Distribution Systems","display_name":"Knowledge-Informed Multiagent Deep Reinforcement Learning Strategy for Charging Stations Coordination in Distribution Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127363049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3635920"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3635920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3635920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124958155","display_name":"Jin Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1130-6021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124962585","display_name":"Cungang Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cungang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8767-6713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124930285","display_name":"Liang Che","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Che","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7004-6448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028277448","display_name":"Tao Rui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Rui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2106-7437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124949914","display_name":"Qian Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8520-5854","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124958466","display_name":"Ning Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1790-0569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124935726","display_name":"Wenjie Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjie Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4274-0210","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124958155"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22641235,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"2130","last_page":"2141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.4246000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.4246000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.2231999933719635,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.15389999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.820900022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.7351999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5799000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.5503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4180000126361847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.820900022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7351999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6984000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5799000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.5503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.3903999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188116033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664563","display_name":"Q-learning","level":3,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107257861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656316","display_name":"Coordination game","level":2,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3635920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3635920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.40515562891960144}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3751493268","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52377164","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8854064866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52507200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"effective":[1],"coordination":[2,40,64],"strategy":[3,104,138],"between":[4],"charging":[5,18],"stations":[6],"(CSs)":[7],"and":[8,52,83,125],"the":[9,17,25,47,62,76,79,84,136],"distribution":[10],"system":[11],"operator":[12],"(DSO)":[13],"can":[14,126],"fully":[15],"exploit":[16],"flexibility":[19,26],"of":[20,27,49,135],"electric":[21],"vehicles":[22],"to":[23,91,107,121],"improve":[24,122],"power":[28],"systems.":[29],"Multiagent":[30],"deep":[31,100],"reinforcement":[32,101],"learning":[33,102,119],"(MADRL)":[34],"has":[35],"proven":[36],"its":[37,143],"effectiveness":[38,134],"in":[39,129],"problems.":[41],"However,":[42],"existing":[43],"MADRL-based":[44],"approaches":[45],"face":[46],"problems":[48],"incentive":[50],"inequity":[51],"sample":[53,123],"efficiency.":[54],"To":[55],"address":[56],"these":[57],"challenges,":[58],"this":[59,109],"article":[60],"formulates":[61],"CSs-DSO":[63,128],"problem":[65],"as":[66,81,86],"a":[67,96,130],"novel":[68],"Stackelberg":[69,98],"partially":[70],"observable":[71],"Markov":[72],"decision":[73],"process,":[74],"where":[75],"involved":[77],"agents,":[78],"DSO":[80],"leader":[82],"CSs":[85],"followers,":[87],"are":[88],"rewarded":[89],"according":[90],"their":[92],"respective":[93],"contributions.":[94],"Furthermore,":[95],"knowledge-informed":[97],"multiagent":[99],"(KI-SMADRL)":[103],"is":[105,139],"proposed":[106,137],"solve":[108],"model,":[110],"which":[111],"integrates":[112],"aggregation-allocation":[113],"knowledge":[114],"modules":[115],"into":[116],"CS":[117],"agents\u2019":[118],"loop":[120],"efficiency,":[124],"coordinate":[127],"distributed":[131],"manner.":[132],"The":[133],"verified":[140],"by":[141],"comparing":[142],"performance":[144],"with":[145],"multiple":[146],"benchmarks.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-06T06:45:51.903784","created_date":"2026-02-04T00:00:00"}