{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414603099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3609212","title":"State Estimation for Smart Grid Under Hybrid Cyberattacks: Analysis of Attack Stealthiness and Estimator Stability","display_name":"State Estimation for Smart Grid Under Hybrid Cyberattacks: Analysis of Attack Stealthiness and Estimator Stability","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414603099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3609212"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3609212","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3609212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010715167","display_name":"Qinhao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3039-1455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinhao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3039-1455","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017458868","display_name":"Hong Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2207-2294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182722699","display_name":"Shenzhen Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00d2w9g53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligence Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2207-2294","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligence Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013637108","display_name":"Xiaoshan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6990-847X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158522","display_name":"PLA Academy of Military Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05ct4s596","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoshan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Military Sciences of PLA, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6990-847X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Military Sciences of PLA, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158522"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071657969","display_name":"Chenxiao Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0639-4437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxiao Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0639-4437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9042,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78735674,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"328","last_page":"335"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9000999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unobservable","display_name":"Unobservable","score":0.9243999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.7444999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5778999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-estimator","display_name":"State estimator","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5051000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4724000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4334000051021576}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780695315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3799040","display_name":"Unobservable","level":2,"score":0.9243999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.7444999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5778999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984536560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818544","display_name":"State estimator","level":3,"score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5051000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4724000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167964875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17011487","display_name":"Exponential stability","level":3,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176321772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430640","display_name":"Numerical stability","level":3,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3609212","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3609212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8565703120","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62373192","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599867512","https://openalex.org/W2036033662","https://openalex.org/W2038651258","https://openalex.org/W2158469273","https://openalex.org/W2322261970","https://openalex.org/W2324861975","https://openalex.org/W2395946885","https://openalex.org/W2740120135","https://openalex.org/W2745757704","https://openalex.org/W2783169723","https://openalex.org/W2807999445","https://openalex.org/W2890415503","https://openalex.org/W2963445270","https://openalex.org/W2964168648","https://openalex.org/W2971349294","https://openalex.org/W2990170928","https://openalex.org/W3005803304","https://openalex.org/W3008059000","https://openalex.org/W3043386701","https://openalex.org/W3047473664","https://openalex.org/W3048112693","https://openalex.org/W3048667249","https://openalex.org/W3048785763","https://openalex.org/W3082086559","https://openalex.org/W3088471618","https://openalex.org/W3161133418","https://openalex.org/W3191924565","https://openalex.org/W3198058595","https://openalex.org/W4200057905","https://openalex.org/W4220788586","https://openalex.org/W4294811472","https://openalex.org/W4386762817","https://openalex.org/W4388966578","https://openalex.org/W4390905855","https://openalex.org/W4392207955","https://openalex.org/W4398249234","https://openalex.org/W4401747702"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"investigates":[2],"state":[3,31],"estimation":[4,51],"in":[5,79],"a":[6,43,93,113,124,132],"smart":[7,95,114],"grid":[8,115],"subject":[9],"to":[10],"hybrid":[11,70,88,119],"denial-of-service":[12],"(DoS)":[13],"and":[14,53,72,139],"false":[15],"data":[16],"injection":[17],"(FDI)":[18],"attacks.":[19],"The":[20,47],"contributions":[21],"are":[22,90],"threefold.":[23],"<italic":[24,63,97],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[25,64,98],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Estimator":[26],"design:</i>":[27],"An":[28],"approximate":[29],"optimal":[30],"estimator":[32],"(AOSE)":[33],"is":[34,83,103,121],"designed":[35],"by":[36],"merging":[37],"the":[38,86,110,117,137,142],"exponentially":[39],"growing":[40],"Gaussian-mixture":[41],"into":[42],"single":[44],"Gaussian":[45],"density.":[46],"resulting":[48],"AOSE":[49,111],"balances":[50],"accuracy":[52],"online":[54],"computational":[55],"burden,":[56],"making":[57],"it":[58],"implementable":[59],"for":[60,92,112],"real-world":[61],"applications.":[62],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Stealthiness":[65],"analysis":[66],"of":[67,100,141],"attacks:</i>":[68],"Unobservable":[69],"DoS":[71],"FDI":[73],"attacks":[74,89,120],"can":[75],"be":[76],"exactly":[77],"detected":[78],"some":[80,129],"cases.":[81],"It":[82,102],"proved":[84,104],"that":[85],"unobservable":[87],"stealthy":[91,118],"stable":[94,122],"grid.":[96],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Stability":[99],"AOSE:</i>":[101],"that,":[105],"despite":[106],"accumulated":[107],"approximation":[108],"errors,":[109],"under":[116],"with":[123],"mild":[125],"initial":[126],"condition.":[127],"Finally,":[128],"simulations":[130],"on":[131],"three-generator":[133],"six-bus":[134],"system":[135],"validate":[136],"performance":[138],"stability":[140],"AOSE.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}