{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414788004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3609187","title":"Two-Stage Optimization of PCBA Placement Route Schedule Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Two-Stage Optimization of PCBA Placement Route Schedule Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414788004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3609187"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3609187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3609187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103063826","display_name":"Bowen Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2532-0462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Baoqing Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Intelligent Control and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Intelligent Control and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014117708","display_name":"Xianqiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0036-6921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianqiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Intelligent Control and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Intelligent Control and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027958337","display_name":"Zhengkai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1811-8360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159389169","display_name":"Ningbo University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037dym702","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159389169"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengkai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Interdisciplinary Intelligent Science, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Interdisciplinary Intelligent Science, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159389169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044251375","display_name":"Xinghu Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8181-6199"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinghu Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ningbo Institute of Intelligent Equipment Technology Company Ltd., Ningbo, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ningbo Institute of Intelligent Equipment Technology Company Ltd., Ningbo, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068223280","display_name":"Hao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8372-4551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of Intelligent Control and Systems, Yongjiang Laboratory, Ningbo, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Intelligent Control and Systems, Yongjiang Laboratory, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050453488","display_name":"Jianbin Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7707-6159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianbin Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Intelligent Control and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Intelligent Control and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057597956","display_name":"Juan J. Rodr\u00edguez-Andina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0919-1793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan J. Rodr\u00edguez-Andina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Technology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103063826"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1983,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8838603,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"275","last_page":"285"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9538999795913696,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9538999795913696,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9466000199317932,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9117000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6807000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.6593000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.5153999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4277999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7085000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6807000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.6593000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.5153999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4277999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120793396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173350","display_name":"Printed circuit board","level":2,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22367795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625208","display_name":"Structured prediction","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3609187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3609187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1175022470","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62173115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499537746","https://openalex.org/W1601649239","https://openalex.org/W2052670433","https://openalex.org/W2312622282","https://openalex.org/W2474795093","https://openalex.org/W2800609492","https://openalex.org/W2886151286","https://openalex.org/W2901505716","https://openalex.org/W2903834077","https://openalex.org/W2908261578","https://openalex.org/W3090234698","https://openalex.org/W3117777470","https://openalex.org/W3122270880","https://openalex.org/W3132134635","https://openalex.org/W3144168806","https://openalex.org/W3146106549","https://openalex.org/W3146366485","https://openalex.org/W4210725851","https://openalex.org/W4224138275","https://openalex.org/W4285024875","https://openalex.org/W4366957285","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386736485","https://openalex.org/W4386822528","https://openalex.org/W4390492561","https://openalex.org/W4398164319","https://openalex.org/W4399881180","https://openalex.org/W4400944416","https://openalex.org/W4401607221","https://openalex.org/W4404443249"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"printed":[1],"circuit":[2],"board":[3],"assembly":[4,12,72],"(PCBA),":[5],"placement":[6,18,29,67,90,113,120],"route":[7],"schedule":[8],"(PRS)":[9],"significantly":[10],"affects":[11],"efficiency":[13],"of":[14,57,66,161],"the":[15,64,117,144,151],"beam":[16,35,77,118],"head":[17,78,119],"machine.":[19],"The":[20],"PRS":[21],"is":[22,53,81,105,133],"typically":[23],"solved":[24],"by":[25,116,158],"decomposing":[26],"it":[27],"into":[28],"point":[30,91],"assignment":[31,92],"problem":[32,38],"(PPAP)":[33],"and":[34,69,89,129],"heads":[36],"sequencing":[37,79],"(BHSP).":[39],"This":[40],"article":[41],"first":[42],"proposes":[43],"a":[44,54,74,99,122],"deep":[45],"reinforcement":[46],"learning":[47],"framework":[48],"to":[49,62,83,107,142],"tackle":[50],"PPAP,":[51],"which":[52,136],"key":[55],"determinant":[56],"overall":[58],"process":[59],"quality.":[60],"Then,":[61],"mitigate":[63],"impact":[65],"position":[68],"angle":[70],"on":[71],"efficiency,":[73],"dynamic":[75,100],"programming-based":[76],"algorithm":[80],"introduced":[82],"solve":[84],"BHSP.":[85],"Since":[86],"component":[87],"types":[88],"states":[93],"vary":[94],"across":[95],"different":[96],"pick-and-place":[97],"cycles,":[98],"combinatorial":[101],"mask":[102],"encoding":[103],"method":[104,153],"proposed":[106,152],"effectively":[108],"extract":[109],"feature":[110],"information":[111,141],"between":[112],"points.":[114],"Inspired":[115],"process,":[121],"decoder":[123],"that":[124,150],"combines":[125],"gated":[126],"recurrent":[127],"units":[128],"an":[130,159],"attention":[131],"mechanism":[132],"finally":[134],"introduced,":[135],"fully":[137],"utilizes":[138],"historical":[139],"node":[140],"predict":[143],"next":[145],"node.":[146],"Experimental":[147],"results":[148],"demonstrate":[149],"reduces":[154],"PCBA":[155],"routing":[156],"distance":[157],"average":[160],"4.62%,":[162],"outperforming":[163],"other":[164],"State-of-the-Art":[165],"approaches.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}