{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413343965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3593913","title":"DPRFuzz: Enhancing Vulnerability Mining With Two-Stage Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"DPRFuzz: Enhancing Vulnerability Mining With Two-Stage Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413343965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3593913"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3593913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3593913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003667048","display_name":"Liqun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3391-4787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liqun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3391-4787","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ruihao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8943-0270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruihao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8943-0270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113238621","display_name":"Chaoren Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaoren Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4391-032X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343820","display_name":"Jian Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-012X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-012X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuze Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9927-6860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuze Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9927-6860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101865164","display_name":"Liang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3856-1383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3856-1383","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058802953","display_name":"Dong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2011-0579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2011-0579","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036786337","display_name":"Zhoujun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9603-9713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhoujun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9603-9713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9024,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75468742,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"11","first_page":"8293","last_page":"8304"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9077000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5700387358665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5361177325248718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5030710101127625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.43502047657966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30636775493621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.21843954920768738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11719191074371338}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5700387358665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5361177325248718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5030710101127625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.43502047657966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30636775493621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.21843954920768738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11719191074371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3593913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3593913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2178796940","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4232047","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2962342235","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G364470088","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62273021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6532556903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24A20243","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7930007465","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2333205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090124646","https://openalex.org/W2777430404","https://openalex.org/W2794670092","https://openalex.org/W2806377938","https://openalex.org/W2979357014","https://openalex.org/W2991240192","https://openalex.org/W2998709521","https://openalex.org/W3009266144","https://openalex.org/W3023986487","https://openalex.org/W3042611370","https://openalex.org/W3091033583","https://openalex.org/W3199980055","https://openalex.org/W3208708185","https://openalex.org/W4210660460","https://openalex.org/W4285060547","https://openalex.org/W4287117507","https://openalex.org/W4295036138","https://openalex.org/W4309222877","https://openalex.org/W4312516075","https://openalex.org/W4317536056","https://openalex.org/W4321483931","https://openalex.org/W4323338666","https://openalex.org/W4376456756","https://openalex.org/W4383112908","https://openalex.org/W4385338412","https://openalex.org/W4385732401","https://openalex.org/W4386763846","https://openalex.org/W4387674220","https://openalex.org/W4387805880","https://openalex.org/W4388240309","https://openalex.org/W4388754067","https://openalex.org/W4389317822","https://openalex.org/W4391579648","https://openalex.org/W4392543454","https://openalex.org/W4395037918","https://openalex.org/W4401162717","https://openalex.org/W4402443144","https://openalex.org/W4403937285","https://openalex.org/W4406610709"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W2376932109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"American":[0],"fuzzy":[1],"lop":[2],"(AFL),":[3],"as":[4,42,165,208],"a":[5,23,81,122,145,229],"representative":[6],"tool":[7],"for":[8],"fuzzing,":[9],"is":[10,159],"capable":[11],"of":[12,26,36,131,179,224,235],"uncovering":[13],"security":[14],"vulnerabilities":[15],"in":[16,58,94,121,221,232],"industrial":[17],"systems.":[18],"It":[19],"suffers":[20],"from":[21],"consuming":[22],"large":[24],"amount":[25],"computational":[27],"resources":[28],"during":[29],"the":[30,34,78,95,129,132,139,157,177,187,201,233],"mutation.":[31],"To":[32,74],"improve":[33,138],"performance":[35,198],"AFL,":[37,63,209],"researchers":[38],"adopt":[39],"algorithms,":[40],"such":[41,164,207],"particle":[43],"swarm":[44],"optimization":[45,65,108],"and":[46,70,104,172,176,203],"long":[47],"short-term":[48],"memory,":[49],"to":[50,88,111,127,148,200],"optimize":[51,89],"mutation":[52,91,97,99,119,135,153],"operator":[53],"selection.":[54],"However,":[55],"challenges":[56],"persist":[57],"these":[59,76],"approaches":[60],"integrated":[61],"with":[62,228],"including":[64],"model":[66],"complexity,":[67],"insufficient":[68],"accuracy,":[69],"poor":[71],"generalization":[72],"scalability.":[73],"address":[75],"issues,":[77],"article":[79],"proposes":[80],"new":[82],"fuzzer":[83],"called":[84],"<sc":[85,180,192,215],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[86,167,170,174,181,193,216],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">DPRFuzz</small>":[87,182,194,217],"AFL\u2019s":[90],"phases.":[92],"First,":[93],"deterministic":[96],"strategy":[98,147,154],"phase,":[100,136],"deep":[101],"Q":[102],"network":[103],"trust":[105],"region":[106],"policy":[107],"are":[109,183],"leveraged":[110],"precisely":[112],"generate":[113,149],"effective":[114],"mutated":[115],"samples":[116],"through":[117],"perceiving":[118],"process":[120],"relatively":[123],"short":[124],"time.":[125],"Then,":[126],"boost":[128],"efficiency":[130],"Havoc":[133],"random":[134],"we":[137],"Thompson":[140],"sampling":[141],"algorithm":[142],"based":[143],"on":[144,161],"multiagent":[146],"an":[150,219],"overall":[151],"optimal":[152],"chain.":[155],"Finally,":[156],"approach":[158],"tested":[160],"eight":[162],"programs,":[163],"<italic":[166,169,173],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">readelf</i>,":[168],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">tcpdump,</i>":[171],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">nm</i>,":[175],"advantages":[178],"analyzed.":[184],"Most":[185],"importantly,":[186],"experiment":[188],"reveals":[189],"results":[190],"that":[191],"achieves":[195,218],"better":[196],"fuzzing":[197],"compared":[199],"traditional":[202],"other":[204],"AFL-based":[205],"fuzzers,":[206],"AFL++,":[210],"AFLSmart,":[211],"etc.":[212],"On":[213],"average,":[214],"improvement":[220],"code":[222],"coverage":[223],"over":[225],"10%,":[226],"along":[227],"significant":[230],"increase":[231],"number":[234],"crashes.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
