{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411599605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3576846","title":"Transferable Nonintrusive Load Monitoring in Smart Grids via Frequency-Division Fusion Scattering Time-Series Transformer","display_name":"Transferable Nonintrusive Load Monitoring in Smart Grids via Frequency-Division Fusion Scattering Time-Series Transformer","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411599605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3576846"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3576846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3576846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052638080","display_name":"Shijie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2320-2791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shijie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2320-2791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073963878","display_name":"Zhonglan Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9241-4416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijun Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9241-4416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091506060","display_name":"Guanlin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9123-822X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanlin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9123-822X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103009389","display_name":"L. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3555-3433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lulu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3555-3433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078266720","display_name":"Haoqin Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoqin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3940-2159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Huaiguang Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0634-3085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaiguang Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0634-3085","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007781850","display_name":"Jun Jason Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6908-2671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6908-2671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102774911","display_name":"Wenzhong Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4034-2932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Wenzhong Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4034-2932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052638080"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.2985,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99081796,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"10","first_page":"7531","last_page":"7541"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9624999761581421,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14225","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Control Systems","score":0.9607999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/division","display_name":"Division (mathematics)","score":0.6154483556747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5995790362358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.558811366558075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4937187135219574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4339383840560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.42674335837364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.36859166622161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.35453587770462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.21605271100997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.07027915120124817}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60798267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1226939","display_name":"Division (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6154483556747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5995790362358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.558811366558075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4937187135219574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4339383840560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.42674335837364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36859166622161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.35453587770462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.21605271100997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.07027915120124817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3576846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3576846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996944908","https://openalex.org/W2129276048","https://openalex.org/W2566212894","https://openalex.org/W2908535058","https://openalex.org/W2950431277","https://openalex.org/W2954581781","https://openalex.org/W2971067036","https://openalex.org/W2990083057","https://openalex.org/W3007075806","https://openalex.org/W3016025703","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3140350963","https://openalex.org/W3166736677","https://openalex.org/W3181227279","https://openalex.org/W3199873924","https://openalex.org/W4210342596","https://openalex.org/W4212781518","https://openalex.org/W4285114834","https://openalex.org/W4315471840","https://openalex.org/W4319993400","https://openalex.org/W4361990680","https://openalex.org/W4399527172","https://openalex.org/W4410852558"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087502554","https://openalex.org/W3042882560","https://openalex.org/W2330973770","https://openalex.org/W4252317921","https://openalex.org/W2038973998","https://openalex.org/W4236696036","https://openalex.org/W4213091376","https://openalex.org/W1979495818","https://openalex.org/W1975640583","https://openalex.org/W3094080891"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nonintrusive":[0],"load":[1],"monitoring":[2,28],"(NILM)":[3],"aims":[4],"to":[5,77,105,111,124,142],"accurately":[6],"identify":[7],"appliance-level":[8],"power":[9,18,37,117],"consumption":[10,118],"patterns":[11,119],"solely":[12],"based":[13],"on":[14,33,146,152],"the":[15,44,59,116,147,153,160],"total":[16],"household":[17],"signal,":[19],"facilitating":[20],"fine-grained":[21],"management":[22],"of":[23,50,97,120,139,169],"smart":[24],"grid":[25],"demands.":[26],"Previous":[27],"methods":[29,102],"have":[30],"often":[31],"focused":[32],"classifying":[34],"time":[35],"domain":[36,127],"signals":[38],"or":[39],"identifying":[40],"appliance":[41],"signatures":[42],"in":[43,58,75,131],"frequency":[45],"domain,":[46],"lacking":[47],"sufficient":[48],"analysis":[49],"diverse,":[51],"sparsely":[52],"labeled":[53,140,171],"data":[54,141],"across":[55,166],"different":[56,121,132],"households":[57,130],"time-frequency":[60,95],"domain.":[61],"We":[62],"propose":[63],"a":[64,136],"novel":[65],"model":[66,162],"named":[67],"frequency-division":[68],"fusion":[69],"scattering":[70],"time-series":[71],"transformer":[72],"(FFSTT).":[73],"Specifically,":[74],"addition":[76],"NILM":[78],"task-driven":[79],"token":[80],"embedding,":[81],"self-attention,":[82],"and":[83,107,114,155],"feed":[84],"forward":[85],"blocks,":[86],"we":[87,134],"innovatively":[88],"employ":[89],"dual-tree":[90],"complex":[91],"wavelet":[92],"transform":[93],"for":[94],"transformation":[96],"tokens.":[98],"Distinct":[99],"feature":[100],"extraction":[101],"are":[103],"applied":[104],"low-":[106],"high-frequency":[108],"components,":[109],"respectively,":[110],"efficiently":[112],"separate":[113],"learn":[115],"appliances.":[122],"Furthermore,":[123],"achieve":[125],"effective":[126],"transfer":[128],"among":[129],"regions,":[133],"utilize":[135],"small":[137],"amount":[138],"perform":[143],"low-rank":[144],"fine-tuning":[145],"pretrained":[148],"FFSTT.":[149],"Experiments":[150],"conducted":[151],"REDD":[154],"U.K.-DALE":[156],"datasets":[157],"confirm":[158],"that":[159],"proposed":[161],"achieves":[163],"state-of-the-art":[164],"performance":[165],"distinct":[167],"scenarios":[168],"available":[170],"data.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}