{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410086562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3564074","title":"A Novel Quantitative Risk Assessment Model for Industrial Control Systems Integrating the Cyber\u2013Physical Domain","display_name":"A Novel Quantitative Risk Assessment Model for Industrial Control Systems Integrating the Cyber\u2013Physical Domain","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410086562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3564074"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3564074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3564074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109260179","display_name":"Ying Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167383011","display_name":"Henan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d80kz58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167383011"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering (College of Artificial Intelligence), Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Applications, Henan Intelligent Manufacturing Big Data Development Innovation Laboratory, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2183-9018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering (College of Artificial Intelligence), Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Applications, Henan Intelligent Manufacturing Big Data Development Innovation Laboratory, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167383011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100352621","display_name":"Zhiyong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-7768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167383011","display_name":"Henan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d80kz58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167383011"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering (College of Artificial Intelligence), Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Applications, Henan Intelligent Manufacturing Big Data Development Innovation Laboratory, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-7768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering (College of Artificial Intelligence), Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Applications, Henan Intelligent Manufacturing Big Data Development Innovation Laboratory, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167383011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109297003","display_name":"Kefeng Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6961-6653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162213","display_name":"China Electronics Standardization Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05hxrpj87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162213","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kefeng Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for Standardization of Electronic Information Products, China Electronics Standardization Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Standardization of Electronic Information Products, China Electronics Standardization Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006831544","display_name":"M. G. Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7495-4152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054135894","display_name":"Ke Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7948-819X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7948-819X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027514937","display_name":"Zhongya Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9645-8299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167383011","display_name":"Henan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d80kz58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167383011"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongya Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering (College of Artificial Intelligence), Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Applications, Henan Intelligent Manufacturing Big Data Development Innovation Laboratory, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering (College of Artificial Intelligence), Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Applications, Henan Intelligent Manufacturing Big Data Development Innovation Laboratory, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167383011"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013053220","display_name":"Hang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6697-2214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167383011","display_name":"Henan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d80kz58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167383011"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering (College of Artificial Intelligence), Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Applications, Henan Intelligent Manufacturing Big Data Development Innovation Laboratory, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6697-2214","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering (College of Artificial Intelligence), Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Applications, Henan Intelligent Manufacturing Big Data Development Innovation Laboratory, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167383011"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1115,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91213173,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"8","first_page":"6433","last_page":"6442"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9036999940872192,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.6999901533126831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-system","display_name":"Industrial control system","score":0.6097778677940369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5515336394309998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.528840184211731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.42531174421310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.4247291088104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.38318949937820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.36963677406311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2900538444519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12390902638435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.12069728970527649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10490286350250244}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.6999901533126831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.6097778677940369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5515336394309998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.528840184211731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.42531174421310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.4247291088104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.38318949937820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.36963677406311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2900538444519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12390902638435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.12069728970527649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10490286350250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3564074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3564074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2805805734","https://openalex.org/W3179019115","https://openalex.org/W3201085094","https://openalex.org/W4200615449","https://openalex.org/W4206266728","https://openalex.org/W4226151050","https://openalex.org/W4226322799","https://openalex.org/W4286581990","https://openalex.org/W4288391430","https://openalex.org/W4292554283","https://openalex.org/W4312268448","https://openalex.org/W4313153509","https://openalex.org/W4323345677","https://openalex.org/W4362013197","https://openalex.org/W4366758837","https://openalex.org/W4377030023","https://openalex.org/W4377715974","https://openalex.org/W4385840067","https://openalex.org/W4386032375","https://openalex.org/W4388540889","https://openalex.org/W4388921214","https://openalex.org/W4401110707"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3147872107","https://openalex.org/W2289521417","https://openalex.org/W2237732271","https://openalex.org/W1980323860","https://openalex.org/W3123953333","https://openalex.org/W2486991799","https://openalex.org/W2110796433","https://openalex.org/W3155069932","https://openalex.org/W1993066969","https://openalex.org/W2382834095"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,141],"tight":[1],"cyber\u2013physical":[2],"coupling":[3],"in":[4,120],"industrial":[5],"control":[6],"system":[7,18],"(ICS)":[8],"makes":[9],"it":[10],"vulnerable":[11],"to":[12,20,46,61,71,80,112,134],"attacks,":[13],"where":[14],"attackers":[15],"can":[16],"exploit":[17],"vulnerabilities":[19],"cross":[21],"domain":[22,41,45],"boundaries,":[23],"causing":[24],"significant":[25],"losses.":[26],"A":[27],"novel":[28],"quantitative":[29,136],"risk":[30,49,88,137,143],"assessment":[31,50,138,144],"framework":[32],"for":[33,56,76],"ICS":[34,99],"is":[35,69,128],"proposed,":[36],"integrating":[37],"both":[38],"the":[39,43,73,82,87,103,115,121,124,150],"cyber":[40],"and":[42,95,102,158],"physical":[44],"address":[47],"potential":[48],"issues.":[51],"First,":[52],"an":[53],"entropy-weighted":[54],"technique":[55],"order":[57],"preference":[58],"by":[59],"similarity":[60],"ideal":[62],"solution":[63],"method":[64],"introducing":[65],"triangular":[66],"fuzzy":[67],"numbers":[68],"proposed":[70,142],"solve":[72],"vulnerability":[74],"index":[75],"multiattribute":[77],"decision":[78],"making":[79],"obtain":[81],"a":[83],"prior":[84],"probability.":[85],"Second,":[86],"propagation":[89,116],"mechanism":[90],"of":[91,118,139],"complex":[92],"network":[93],"topology":[94],"device":[96],"interaction":[97],"under":[98],"was":[100,110,146],"studied,":[101],"posterior":[104],"probability":[105],"model":[106,145],"based":[107,130],"on":[108,131,149],"susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered":[109],"designed":[111],"dynamically":[113],"capture":[114],"characteristics":[117],"risks":[119],"network.":[122],"Finally,":[123],"safety":[125],"loss":[126],"level":[127],"defined":[129],"standard":[132],"criteria":[133],"achieve":[135],"ICS.":[140],"experimentally":[147],"validated":[148],"SWaT":[151],"testbed,":[152],"with":[153],"results":[154],"confirming":[155],"its":[156],"feasibility":[157],"effectiveness.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}