{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410152917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3563596","title":"DRL-Based Distributed Coordination of ISO and DSOs in Bi-Level Electricity Markets","display_name":"DRL-Based Distributed Coordination of ISO and DSOs in Bi-Level Electricity Markets","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410152917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3563596"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3563596","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3563596","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008797965","display_name":"Luolin Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0142-7933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luolin Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Smart Manufacturing in Energy Chemical Process, Ministry of Education, and the Engineering Research Center of Process System Engineering, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0142-7933","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Smart Manufacturing in Energy Chemical Process, Ministry of Education, and the Engineering Research Center of Process System Engineering, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088857439","display_name":"Anshul Goyal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0765-7200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anshul Goyal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0765-7200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000246305","display_name":"Kankar Bhattacharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6916-8176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kankar Bhattacharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6916-8176","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028570509","display_name":"Yang Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2750-8029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Smart Manufacturing in Energy Chemical Process, Ministry of Education, and the Engineering Research Center of Process System Engineering, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2750-8029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Smart Manufacturing in Energy Chemical Process, Ministry of Education, and the Engineering Research Center of Process System Engineering, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100366084","display_name":"Zhao Yang Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9659-0858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoyang Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Head and Chair Professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9659-0858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Head and Chair Professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100603023","display_name":"Feng Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2781-332X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Smart Manufacturing in Energy Chemical Process, Ministry of Education, and the Engineering Research Center of Process System Engineering, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2781-332X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Smart Manufacturing in Energy Chemical Process, Ministry of Education, and the Engineering Research Center of Process System Engineering, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120525011","display_name":"Venkata Balaji Thummalacherla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5865-1954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkata Balaji Thummalacherla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5865-1954","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008797965"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5684,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89442546,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"8","first_page":"6422","last_page":"6432"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.9376999735832214,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.9376999735832214,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.586025059223175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.40386784076690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3865607976913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.32718294858932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2528761625289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23187318444252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.11197811365127563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.586025059223175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.40386784076690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3865607976913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.32718294858932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2528761625289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23187318444252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.11197811365127563}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3563596","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3563596","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2248886588","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"222202517006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3545694276","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62293500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6442699438","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62293502","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2403750418","https://openalex.org/W2687340363","https://openalex.org/W2789711809","https://openalex.org/W2802107698","https://openalex.org/W2951360122","https://openalex.org/W3042021489","https://openalex.org/W3104061203","https://openalex.org/W3108486616","https://openalex.org/W3131113703","https://openalex.org/W3157108857","https://openalex.org/W3172070586","https://openalex.org/W3198848588","https://openalex.org/W4205421136","https://openalex.org/W4312825281","https://openalex.org/W4368232835","https://openalex.org/W4385574846","https://openalex.org/W4389722186","https://openalex.org/W4390603604","https://openalex.org/W4390827321","https://openalex.org/W6638018090"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W3023302711","https://openalex.org/W4248214069","https://openalex.org/W4367839136","https://openalex.org/W2140196110","https://openalex.org/W1881881992","https://openalex.org/W4245119153","https://openalex.org/W2073519123","https://openalex.org/W621833480"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"increasing":[1],"penetration":[2],"of":[3,45,145,152,161,166],"distributed":[4,61],"energy":[5,163],"resources":[6,169],"has":[7],"prompted":[8],"distribution":[9],"system":[10,24],"operators":[11],"(DSOs)":[12],"at":[13,27,124],"the":[14,22,28,39,65,82,86,89,100,109,121,140,150,153],"retail":[15,126],"electricity":[16,72],"market":[17,30,174],"level":[18],"to":[19,80],"coordinate":[20],"with":[21],"independent":[23],"operator":[25],"(ISO)":[26],"wholesale":[29,128],"level,":[31],"for":[32,64,139],"greater":[33],"benefits.":[34],"However,":[35],"interaction":[36],"mechanisms":[37],"between":[38,88],"ISO":[40,66,90,110],"and":[41,43,47,67,91,111,117,127,156,170],"DSOs,":[42,93],"impacts":[44],"prices":[46,116],"power":[48,118],"injections,":[49,119],"have":[50],"not":[51],"been":[52],"adequately":[53],"investigated":[54],"in":[55,159],"literature.":[56],"This":[57,105],"article":[58],"proposes":[59],"a":[60,94,132],"coordination":[62],"framework":[63],"DSOs":[68,112],"across":[69],"wholesale-retail":[70],"(bi-level)":[71],"markets,":[73],"considering":[74],"their":[75],"interactions":[76],"more":[77],"fairly.":[78],"Moreover,":[79],"mitigate":[81],"challenges":[83],"arising":[84],"from":[85],"interdependence":[87],"heterogeneous":[92,146],"coupled":[95],"training":[96,143],"mechanism":[97,106],"based":[98],"on":[99],"response":[101],"model":[102],"is":[103,137],"devised.":[104],"iteratively":[107],"trains":[108],"by":[113],"solely":[114],"exchanging":[115],"ensuring":[120],"demand\u2013supply":[122],"balance":[123],"both":[125],"levels.":[129],"In":[130],"addition,":[131],"deep":[133],"reinforcement":[134],"learning":[135],"algorithm":[136],"introduced":[138],"three-stage":[141],"iterative":[142],"process":[144],"agents.":[147],"Results":[148],"demonstrate":[149],"effectiveness":[151],"proposed":[154],"method":[155],"its":[157],"advantages":[158],"terms":[160],"lowering":[162],"prices,":[164],"clearing":[165],"cheaper":[167],"clean":[168],"thus,":[171],"improving":[172],"overall":[173],"efficiency.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-30T09:15:22.047038","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
