{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408563946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3547004","title":"Physical-Knowledge-Guided and Interpretable Deep Neural Networks for Gear Fault Severity Level Diagnosis","display_name":"Physical-Knowledge-Guided and Interpretable Deep Neural Networks for Gear Fault Severity Level Diagnosis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408563946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3547004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3547004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3547004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326740","display_name":"Jiaming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-7831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiaming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, the Department of Electromechanical Engineering, and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, the Department of Electromechanical Engineering, and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054001746","display_name":"Xianbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0463-2983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149102","display_name":"Sanya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04fa2qd52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xian-Bo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marine Advanced Technology Center, Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marine Advanced Technology Center, Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051864819","display_name":"Hao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9445-035X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, the Department of Electromechanical Engineering, and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, the Department of Electromechanical Engineering, and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011123518","display_name":"Zhi-Xin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9151-7758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi-Xin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, the Department of Electromechanical Engineering, and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, the Department of Electromechanical Engineering, and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100326740"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498","https://openalex.org/I6469544"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4364,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95956038,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"6","first_page":"4892","last_page":"4903"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10188","display_name":"Advanced machining processes and optimization","score":0.9652000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13891","display_name":"Engineering Diagnostics and Reliability","score":0.9333000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6647607088088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5507182478904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5464426875114441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5192142128944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41450393199920654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.15033406019210815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6647607088088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5507182478904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5464426875114441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5192142128944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41450393199920654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15033406019210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3547004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3547004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3194831760","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MYRG-GRG2024-00299-FST-UMDF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","funder_display_name":"Universidade de Macau"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4074719757","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62461160260","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4720968450","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A0505030003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324202","funder_display_name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Department"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5671542690","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MYRG-GRG2023-00237-FST-UMDF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","funder_display_name":"Universidade de Macau"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321655","display_name":"Science and Technology Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/044vr6g03"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","display_name":"Universidade de Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324202","display_name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjzgn92"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1974082368","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2525153292","https://openalex.org/W2609688418","https://openalex.org/W2779615422","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2977117446","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2995140071","https://openalex.org/W2998506103","https://openalex.org/W3009370740","https://openalex.org/W3046716936","https://openalex.org/W3094110601","https://openalex.org/W3121953084","https://openalex.org/W3122347867","https://openalex.org/W3154435685","https://openalex.org/W3160411383","https://openalex.org/W3176482836","https://openalex.org/W4200473862","https://openalex.org/W4226328708","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W4286377449","https://openalex.org/W4295886387","https://openalex.org/W4311897638","https://openalex.org/W4317796737","https://openalex.org/W4381050912","https://openalex.org/W4387768352","https://openalex.org/W4388839491","https://openalex.org/W4389230735","https://openalex.org/W4399066820","https://openalex.org/W4399385633","https://openalex.org/W4399665844","https://openalex.org/W4402401582","https://openalex.org/W4404066303"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"deep-learning":[1],"(DL)":[2],"models":[3,38,95,134,146],"have":[4],"achieved":[5],"significant":[6],"achievements":[7],"in":[8,21,77,96,171],"fault":[9,176],"diagnosis,":[10],"their":[11],"inherent":[12],"opacity":[13],"for":[14,69,159],"human":[15],"users":[16],"often":[17],"hinders":[18],"practical":[19],"applications":[20],"risk-sensitive":[22],"scenarios.":[23],"Fortunately,":[24],"the":[25,34,41,49,70,94,99,104,118,132,140,160,165,184,188,191],"advent":[26],"of":[27,36,103,111,190],"class":[28],"activation":[29],"mapping":[30],"(CAM)":[31],"significantly":[32],"enhanced":[33],"transparency":[35],"DL":[37,145],"by":[39,88],"illuminating":[40],"specific":[42],"input":[43,105],"areas":[44],"that":[45],"contribute":[46],"more":[47],"to":[48,55,64,92,130],"classification":[50],"results.":[51],"Nevertheless,":[52],"CAM":[53],"fails":[54],"enhance":[56],"diagnostic":[57,133,157,167,180],"accuracy":[58,158],"and":[59,107,113,143],"actively":[60],"leverage":[61],"interpretability":[62,152],"due":[63],"its":[65],"passively":[66],"explanatory":[67],"property":[68],"trained":[71],"models.":[72],"To":[73],"address":[74],"this":[75,78],"issue,":[76],"article,":[79],"a":[80,121,155],"physically":[81],"meaningful":[82],"regularization":[83],"(PMR)":[84],"term":[85],"is":[86,127,169],"proposed":[87,166,192],"using":[89],"gradient-weighted":[90],"CAM,":[91],"guide":[93],"focusing":[97],"on":[98,117],"same":[100],"frequency":[101],"bands":[102],"spectra":[106],"ignoring":[108],"other":[109],"parts":[110],"noisy":[112],"irrelevant":[114],"signals.":[115],"Based":[116],"PMR":[119],"term,":[120],"two-step":[122],"back":[123],"propagation":[124],"training":[125],"algorithm":[126],"accordingly":[128],"designed":[129],"train":[131],"embedded":[135],"with":[136,183],"physical":[137],"knowledge.":[138],"Consequently,":[139],"obtained":[141],"physical-knowledge-guided":[142],"interpretable":[144],"can":[147],"offer":[148],"not":[149],"only":[150],"strong":[151],"but":[153],"also":[154],"higher":[156],"noised":[161],"test":[162],"samples.":[163],"Finally,":[164],"method":[168],"validated":[170],"two":[172],"datasets":[173],"containing":[174],"multiple":[175],"severity":[177],"levels.":[178],"The":[179],"results,":[181],"along":[182],"saliency":[185],"analysis,":[186],"substantiate":[187],"efficacy":[189],"method.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}