{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408016793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3534443","title":"Self-Supervised and Interpretable Anomaly Detection Using Network Transformers","display_name":"Self-Supervised and Interpretable Anomaly Detection Using Network Transformers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408016793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3534443"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3534443","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3534443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062404663","display_name":"Daniel Marino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8686-4752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel L. Marino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8686-4752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031428916","display_name":"Chathurika S. Wickramasinghe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-5101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chathurika S. Wickramasinghe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-5101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050779746","display_name":"Craig Rieger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-8838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800102766","display_name":"Idaho National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00ty2a548","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800102766","https://openalex.org/I2801818860"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Rieger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-8838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800102766"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032679061","display_name":"Milos Manic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1484-7678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milos Manic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1484-7678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.1441,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98749964,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"5","first_page":"4252","last_page":"4261"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9139999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6521717309951782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5276963710784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5007069110870361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4810926616191864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4274009168148041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35788458585739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.324402391910553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.306570440530777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1328313946723938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.10195127129554749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6521717309951782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5276963710784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5007069110870361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4810926616191864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4274009168148041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35788458585739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.324402391910553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.306570440530777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1328313946723938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.10195127129554749}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2025.3534443","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3534443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2743138268","https://openalex.org/W2907804426","https://openalex.org/W2917767525","https://openalex.org/W3004044356","https://openalex.org/W3035725276","https://openalex.org/W3086419524","https://openalex.org/W3118600296","https://openalex.org/W3134470207","https://openalex.org/W3155567600","https://openalex.org/W3169450514","https://openalex.org/W3187841728","https://openalex.org/W3208881055","https://openalex.org/W3214713323","https://openalex.org/W3215272422","https://openalex.org/W4214636876","https://openalex.org/W4294559022","https://openalex.org/W4365816927","https://openalex.org/W4366504166","https://openalex.org/W4391741433","https://openalex.org/W4392208038","https://openalex.org/W4392543430","https://openalex.org/W4398187666","https://openalex.org/W4398765907","https://openalex.org/W4402727574","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6791146290","https://openalex.org/W6841254874","https://openalex.org/W6847773967","https://openalex.org/W6849928207","https://openalex.org/W6850026650","https://openalex.org/W6853398349","https://openalex.org/W6859306471","https://openalex.org/W6861291478","https://openalex.org/W6866674614"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105642232","https://openalex.org/W3207332793","https://openalex.org/W3197833032","https://openalex.org/W4386081464","https://openalex.org/W2499612753","https://openalex.org/W3113278055","https://openalex.org/W2750709484","https://openalex.org/W4296474495","https://openalex.org/W4388937474","https://openalex.org/W1892149550"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1,27],"and":[2,147],"deep":[3],"neural":[4],"networks":[5],"(DNNs)":[6],"have":[7],"been":[8],"proposed":[9],"as":[10],"a":[11,57,97,125,132,155,164],"tool":[12],"to":[13,37,44,74,159],"identify":[14],"anomalies":[15],"in":[16,72,131],"computer":[17,93],"network":[18,54,71],"communications.":[19],"However,":[20],"due":[21],"the":[22,39,42,53,65,69,81,89,142,144,148,152,161],"obfuscatednature":[23],"of":[24,41,68,92,100,108,127,163],"off-the-shelf":[25],"machine":[26],"models,":[28],"their":[29],"output":[30],"often":[31],"does":[32,114],"not":[33,115],"provide":[34],"enough":[35],"information":[36],"isolate":[38],"source":[40],"anomaly":[43,61],"take":[45],"corrective":[46],"measures.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49],"article,":[50],"we":[51],"introduce":[52],"transformer":[55],"(NeT),":[56],"DNN":[58],"model":[59,121],"for":[60],"detection":[62],"that":[63,102,113],"incorporates":[64],"graph":[66,90],"structure":[67,91],"communication":[70],"order":[73],"improve":[75],"interpretability.":[76],"The":[77,119,137],"presented":[78,138],"approach":[79,139,158],"has":[80],"following":[82],"advantages:":[83],"first,":[84],"enhanced":[85],"interpretability":[86],"by":[87],"incorporating":[88],"networks;":[94],"second,":[95,110],"provides":[96],"hierarchical":[98,157],"set":[99,126],"features":[101],"enables":[103],"analysis":[104],"at":[105],"different":[106],"levels":[107],"granularity;":[109],"self-supervised":[111],"training":[112],"require":[116],"labeled":[117],"data.":[118],"NeT":[120],"was":[122],"evaluated":[123],"on":[124],"anomalous":[128],"scenarios":[129],"executed":[130],"real":[133],"industrial":[134],"control":[135],"system.":[136],"successfully":[140],"identified":[141],"anomalies,":[143,153],"devices":[145],"affected,":[146],"specific":[149],"connections":[150],"causing":[151],"providing":[154],"data-driven":[156],"analyze":[160],"behavior":[162],"cyber":[165],"network.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
