{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400903617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2024.3424583","title":"Generative Model With Sinkhorn\u2013Knopp Loss for Unsupervised Signal Modulation Clustering","display_name":"Generative Model With Sinkhorn\u2013Knopp Loss for Unsupervised Signal Modulation Clustering","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400903617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2024.3424583"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2024.3424583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2024.3424583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100362059","display_name":"Jun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2405-7282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053487344","display_name":"Zhixi Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7372-9180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixi Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7372-9180","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100764373","display_name":"Shuyuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-5737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuyuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-5737","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107958753","display_name":"Shuai Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4818-4314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114911363","display_name":"Yue Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5422-315X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5422-315X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3892,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83768642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"11","first_page":"12860","last_page":"12870"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9445000290870667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9445000290870667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7112103700637817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5654374361038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49758604168891907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.49672895669937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.49173834919929504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.48833510279655457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4818204939365387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.47331154346466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47226110100746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3780948519706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36665022373199463}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7112103700637817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5654374361038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49758604168891907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.49672895669937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.49173834919929504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.48833510279655457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4818204939365387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.47331154346466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47226110100746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3780948519706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36665022373199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2024.3424583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2024.3424583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1560732540","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4426176642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XJSJ24069","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5498747354","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1128809682","https://openalex.org/W2002632908","https://openalex.org/W2079639858","https://openalex.org/W2156866340","https://openalex.org/W2222512263","https://openalex.org/W2322277852","https://openalex.org/W2741943936","https://openalex.org/W2883725317","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963666666","https://openalex.org/W2969293360","https://openalex.org/W3006635105","https://openalex.org/W3034275286","https://openalex.org/W3043075211","https://openalex.org/W3043476515","https://openalex.org/W3046296398","https://openalex.org/W3075060036","https://openalex.org/W3109137557","https://openalex.org/W4210475892","https://openalex.org/W4213019189","https://openalex.org/W4225835925","https://openalex.org/W4283011496","https://openalex.org/W4312459443","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4317470248","https://openalex.org/W4323338327","https://openalex.org/W4324290967","https://openalex.org/W4379983761","https://openalex.org/W4390659928","https://openalex.org/W4390871847","https://openalex.org/W4399882294","https://openalex.org/W6770196601","https://openalex.org/W6779997284","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6849151685","https://openalex.org/W6917408469"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W3014948380","https://openalex.org/W4380551139","https://openalex.org/W4317695495","https://openalex.org/W4287117424","https://openalex.org/W4387506531","https://openalex.org/W4238433571","https://openalex.org/W3174044702","https://openalex.org/W2967848559","https://openalex.org/W4299831724"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modulation":[0],"types":[1],"clustering":[2,167],"(MC)":[3],"is":[4,103,131],"crucial":[5],"for":[6],"adaptive":[7],"high-frequency":[8],"communication":[9],"between":[10],"devices":[11],"in":[12,23,90,115,126],"the":[13,39,48,66,80,94,107,118,122,128,138],"Industrial":[14],"Internet":[15],"of":[16,20,41,50,82,96,109,117,121,137],"Things.":[17],"The":[18],"strength":[19],"MC":[21,52],"resides":[22],"its":[24],"self-supervised":[25],"framework,":[26],"enabling":[27],"it":[28],"to":[29,92,98,105,133],"extract":[30],"modulation":[31,86],"features":[32],"efficiently":[33],"without":[34],"any":[35],"manual":[36],"labeling.":[37],"However,":[38],"misalignment":[40],"proxy":[42],"tasks":[43],"and":[44,111,144,164],"erroneous":[45],"pseudolabeling":[46],"constrain":[47],"performance":[49],"prevalent":[51,165],"feature":[53,87],"extraction":[54],"techniques":[55],"that":[56,74,157],"utilize":[57],"time":[58,76],"series":[59,77],"signals.":[60],"In":[61],"this":[62],"article,":[63],"we":[64],"compare":[65],"saliency":[67],"maps":[68],"on":[69,75,148,153],"time\u2013frequency":[70],"image":[71],"(TFI)":[72],"with":[73,85],"signal,":[78],"highlighting":[79],"consistency":[81],"TFI":[83],"reconstruction":[84],"extraction.":[88],"Subsequently,":[89],"order":[91],"address":[93],"sensitivity":[95],"K-means":[97],"outliers,":[99],"Sinkhorn\u2013Knopp":[100,129],"labeling":[101],"(SKLb)":[102],"proposed":[104,132],"balance":[106],"scale":[108],"clusters":[110],"neighboring":[112],"distances.":[113],"Moreover,":[114],"consideration":[116],"potential":[119],"instability":[120],"SKLb":[123],"iteration":[124],"result":[125],"backpropagation,":[127],"loss":[130],"ensure":[134],"stable":[135],"training":[136],"model.":[139],"Finally,":[140],"two":[141],"models,":[142],"SK-IDC":[143],"SK-STDC,":[145],"were":[146],"tested":[147],"four":[149],"datasets.":[150],"Experimental":[151],"results":[152],"these":[154],"datasets":[155],"present":[156],"our":[158],"approach":[159],"outperforms":[160],"original":[161],"signal":[162],"representation":[163],"deep":[166],"methods,":[168],"achieving":[169],"State-of-the-Art":[170],"performance.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}