{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402803808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2024.3421600","title":"Anomaly Detection for MEC Enabled Hierarchical Industrial IoT With Transformer Enhanced Variational Auto Encoder","display_name":"Anomaly Detection for MEC Enabled Hierarchical Industrial IoT With Transformer Enhanced Variational Auto Encoder","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402803808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2024.3421600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2024.3421600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2024.3421600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026273973","display_name":"Muyan Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3802-9637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muyan Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062430620","display_name":"Dan Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7368-2132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016181167","display_name":"Ruipeng Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2490-6654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruipeng Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101682276","display_name":"Peng Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0390-5449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026273973"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5949,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93770178,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"40","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9294000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9018999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.8046576976776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5891851186752319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5869966745376587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.540344774723053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5060936808586121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.33594971895217896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.31817060708999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3088492453098297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2939724624156952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.24318352341651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.13525539636611938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.8046576976776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5891851186752319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5869966745376587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.540344774723053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5060936808586121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33594971895217896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.31817060708999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3088492453098297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2939724624156952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.24318352341651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.13525539636611938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2024.3421600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2024.3421600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1014409202","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L221003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3802326770","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YJS009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3841199031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6064483188","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6847157799","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2520774990","https://openalex.org/W2768947629","https://openalex.org/W2786827964","https://openalex.org/W2898352493","https://openalex.org/W2950361482","https://openalex.org/W3015959599","https://openalex.org/W3035100081","https://openalex.org/W3081497074","https://openalex.org/W3090950159","https://openalex.org/W3111264080","https://openalex.org/W3152601077","https://openalex.org/W3170937175","https://openalex.org/W3178367256","https://openalex.org/W3184127157","https://openalex.org/W3190748826","https://openalex.org/W3209791287","https://openalex.org/W3214293220","https://openalex.org/W4210923679","https://openalex.org/W4214823156","https://openalex.org/W4225161347","https://openalex.org/W4225526013","https://openalex.org/W4283318673","https://openalex.org/W4292982650","https://openalex.org/W4311897878","https://openalex.org/W4312688242","https://openalex.org/W4316876978","https://openalex.org/W4391791566","https://openalex.org/W4392796562","https://openalex.org/W4392901673","https://openalex.org/W4394585960"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W2950174689","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2921026492","https://openalex.org/W4247463117","https://openalex.org/W4361251261","https://openalex.org/W3031181660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"existing":[1],"works":[2],"in":[3,36,98,119,160],"Industrial":[4],"Internet":[5],"of":[6,21,75,117,125,158],"Things":[7],"(IIoT)":[8],"anomaly":[9,50],"detection":[10,51],"either":[11],"depend":[12],"on":[13,103],"computationally":[14],"intensive":[15],"models":[16,29],"that":[17,30],"exceed":[18],"the":[19,76,81,84,99,120,126,133],"capabilities":[20],"multiaccess":[22],"edge":[23],"computing":[24],"(MEC)":[25],"servers,":[26],"or":[27],"lightweight":[28],"lack":[31],"robustness,":[32],"making":[33],"them":[34],"unadaptable":[35],"IIoT":[37,55],"infrastructures.":[38],"To":[39],"address":[40],"these":[41],"challenges,":[42],"we":[43],"propose":[44],"<italic":[45,58,85,108,114,150,155],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[46,59,86,109,115,151,156],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">THREADS</i>,":[47],"a":[48,161],"hierarchical":[49,121],"framework":[52],"tailored":[53],"for":[54],"applications.":[56],"The":[57],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Instance":[60],"thread</i>":[61,88],"utilizes":[62],"an":[63,90,112,154],"efficient":[64],"variational":[65],"auto":[66],"encoder":[67],"to":[68,78,94,144],"produce":[69],"instant":[70],"feedback":[71],"and":[72,132,137,146],"offloads":[73],"most":[74,124],"workload":[77],"MECs.":[79],"On":[80],"other":[82],"hand,":[83],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Shadow":[87],"employs":[89],"attention-enhanced":[91],"transformer":[92],"discriminator":[93],"examine":[95],"low-confidence":[96],"results":[97,102],"cloud.":[100],"Experimental":[101],"five":[104],"large-scale":[105],"datasets":[106],"show":[107],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">THREADS</i>":[110,152],"achieves":[111,153],"average":[113],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">F1-Score</i>":[116,157],"0.8537":[118],"mode":[122],"where":[123],"workloads":[127],"are":[128],"handled":[129],"by":[130,142],"MECs,":[131],"random":[134],"access":[135],"memory":[136],"CPU":[138],"usage":[139],"is":[140],"reduced":[141],"up":[143],"29%":[145],"88%,":[147],"respectively.":[148],"Meanwhile,":[149],"0.8563":[159],"cloud-based":[162],"mode,":[163],"consistently":[164],"outperforming":[165],"state-of-the-art":[166],"approaches.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-14T08:43:22.919905","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}