{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392309403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2024.3353859","title":"Event-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning for Smoothing Ramp Events in Combined Wind-Storage Energy Systems","display_name":"Event-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning for Smoothing Ramp Events in Combined Wind-Storage Energy Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392309403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2024.3353859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2024.3353859","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2024.3353859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101404323","display_name":"Jiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8208-912X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23632641","display_name":"Shanghai University of Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/02w4tny03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8208-912X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060350468","display_name":"Xing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0525-8127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23632641","display_name":"Shanghai University of Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/02w4tny03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0525-8127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100461695","display_name":"Bo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8804-1741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23632641","display_name":"Shanghai University of Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/02w4tny03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8804-1741","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2803,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87736591,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"5","first_page":"7871","last_page":"7882"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6907171607017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5931152105331421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.5607004165649414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.5455003976821899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.4780852794647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.465863972902298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42962706089019775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3638603091239929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2745116651058197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.20956382155418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.14176583290100098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08461445569992065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6907171607017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5931152105331421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.5607004165649414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5455003976821899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.4780852794647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.465863972902298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42962706089019775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3638603091239929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2745116651058197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.20956382155418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14176583290100098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08461445569992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2024.3353859","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2024.3353859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4776334340","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51977030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507159806","https://openalex.org/W1667199472","https://openalex.org/W2037194002","https://openalex.org/W2039282207","https://openalex.org/W2049626702","https://openalex.org/W2057254234","https://openalex.org/W2061877908","https://openalex.org/W2062472527","https://openalex.org/W2093311403","https://openalex.org/W2130503701","https://openalex.org/W2160679827","https://openalex.org/W2205533964","https://openalex.org/W2508682153","https://openalex.org/W2610153406","https://openalex.org/W2757564505","https://openalex.org/W2766375607","https://openalex.org/W2774852867","https://openalex.org/W2796400750","https://openalex.org/W2889856497","https://openalex.org/W2901502277","https://openalex.org/W2904246096","https://openalex.org/W2969879595","https://openalex.org/W2978801033","https://openalex.org/W2994779380","https://openalex.org/W3009469219","https://openalex.org/W3158677705","https://openalex.org/W3163514073","https://openalex.org/W4226161947","https://openalex.org/W4226297039","https://openalex.org/W4226490191","https://openalex.org/W4296061605","https://openalex.org/W4383112908","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6747473740","https://openalex.org/W6748839928","https://openalex.org/W6757592117"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978572805","https://openalex.org/W2383807498","https://openalex.org/W1997992934","https://openalex.org/W1987225439","https://openalex.org/W4238188170","https://openalex.org/W2125114371","https://openalex.org/W2019977573","https://openalex.org/W2149980199","https://openalex.org/W3125766170","https://openalex.org/W2040641410"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large-scale":[0],"wind":[1,57,66,92,102,124,166,192,222],"power":[2,9,16,25,62,67,93,103,125,167,176,181,223],"ramp":[3,45,69,126,224,242],"events":[4],"will":[5],"significantly":[6],"affect":[7],"the":[8,15,19,24,44,50,56,65,73,88,97,112,143,149,156,173,184,190,199,203,206,210,218,228,237],"balance":[10],"and":[11,21,59,72,96,138,235,239],"frequency":[12],"stability":[13,22],"of":[14,23,49,55,91,161,175,178,202,221,230,241],"grid,":[17],"endangering":[18],"economy":[20],"grid.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28],"article,":[29],"an":[30,37],"event-based":[31],"soft":[32],"actor-critic":[33],"(EB-SAC)":[34],"algorithm":[35,212],"using":[36],"event-driven":[38,144],"mechanism":[39,145],"is":[40,84,106,146,186],"proposed":[41],"to":[42,86,148,154,189],"optimize":[43],"event":[46,70,127,243],"smooth":[47],"scheduling":[48,159],"wind-storage":[51],"combined":[52],"system":[53],"composed":[54],"farm":[58,193],"pumped":[60,74,130,179,231],"storage":[61,131,135,163,180,232],"station.":[63],"First,":[64],"energy":[68,75,134,162,168],"model":[71,76],"are":[77],"established.":[78],"The":[79],"kernel":[80],"density":[81],"estimation":[82],"method":[83],"used":[85],"simulate":[87],"probability":[89,109],"distribution":[90],"prediction":[94,104],"error,":[95],"training":[98],"data":[99],"set":[100],"considering":[101,119],"error":[105],"obtained":[107],"by":[108],"sampling.":[110],"Then,":[111],"author":[113],"defines":[114],"a":[115],"comprehensive":[116],"value":[117],"function":[118],"multiple":[120],"factors":[121],"such":[122],"as":[123],"smoothing":[128,200,219],"demand,":[129],"operation":[132,194],"characteristics,":[133],"capacity":[136],"status,":[137],"hourly":[139],"electricity":[140],"price.":[141],"Second,":[142],"added":[147],"traditional":[150],"SAC":[151],"optimization":[152,160,215,220],"process":[153],"realize":[155],"intermittent":[157],"decision-making":[158],"based":[164],"on":[165],"events,":[169,225],"which":[170],"effectively":[171,226],"reduces":[172,227],"number":[174,229],"changes":[177],"stations.":[182],"Finally,":[183],"simulation":[185],"verified":[187],"according":[188],"actual":[191],"data.":[195],"By":[196],"comparing":[197],"with":[198],"results":[201,207],"other":[204],"algorithm,":[205],"show":[208],"that":[209],"EB-SAC":[211],"has":[213],"better":[214],"performance":[216],"for":[217],"action":[233],"changes,":[234],"improves":[236],"efficiency":[238],"benefit":[240],"smoothing.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T09:13:05.818461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}