{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390938864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3348838","title":"Autonomous Localization of X-Ray Baggage Threats via Weakly Supervised Learning","display_name":"Autonomous Localization of X-Ray Baggage Threats via Weakly Supervised Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390938864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3348838"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2023.3348838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3348838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3348838","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082519578","display_name":"Divya Velayudhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2897-570X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Divya Velayudhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Secure Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), and the Department of Computer Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2897-570X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Secure Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), and the Department of Computer Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080599037","display_name":"Abdelfatah Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8455-6123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelfatah Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Secure Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), and the Department of Computer Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8455-6123","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Secure Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), and the Department of Computer Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011636952","display_name":"Taimur Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-8677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117222138","display_name":"Abu Dhabi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3kjq03","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taimur Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-8677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067186662","display_name":"Neha Gour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0860-1260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neha Gour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Secure Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), and the Department of Computer Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0860-1260","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Secure Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), and the Department of Computer Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031484678","display_name":"Muhammad Owais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7679-081X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Owais","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Secure Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), and the Department of Computer Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7679-081X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Secure Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), and the Department of Computer Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009750573","display_name":"Mohammed Bennamoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-3257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Bennamoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-3257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075830877","display_name":"Ernesto Damiani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9557-6496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernesto Damiani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Secure Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), and the Department of Computer Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9557-6496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Secure Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), and the Department of Computer Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059512412","display_name":"Naoufel Werghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5542-448X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naoufel Werghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Secure Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), and the Department of Computer Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5542-448X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Secure Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), and the Department of Computer Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7753,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97236874,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"6563","last_page":"6572"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9614999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9614999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.9269000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.856770396232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7231912612915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6702114939689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5670185685157776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.533616304397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.51270592212677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.4374566674232483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43661922216415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4347507059574127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.20278400182724}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.856770396232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7231912612915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6702114939689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5670185685157776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.533616304397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.51270592212677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4374566674232483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43661922216415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4347507059574127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.20278400182724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2023.3348838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3348838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/662e652a-9ce9-4514-a429-72ab66644134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/662e652a-9ce9-4514-a429-72ab66644134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402492","display_name":"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","host_organization_name":"The University of Western Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Velayudhan, D, Ahmed, A, Hassan, T, Gour, N, Owais, M, Bennamoun, M, Damiani, E & Werghi, N 2024, 'Autonomous Localization of X-Ray Baggage Threats via Weakly Supervised Learning', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 20, no. 4, 10401259, pp. 6563-6572. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2023.3348838","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/662e652a-9ce9-4514-a429-72ab66644134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85182939802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402492","display_name":"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","host_organization_name":"The University of Western Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Velayudhan, D, Ahmed, A, Hassan, T, Gour, N, Owais, M, Bennamoun, M, Damiani, E & Werghi, N 2024, 'Autonomous Localization of X-Ray Baggage Threats via Weakly Supervised Learning', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 20, no. 4, 10401259, pp. 6563-6572. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2023.3348838","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2023.3348838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3348838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3223458031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CIRA-2021-052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","funder_display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2560431153","https://openalex.org/W2790624640","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2964274719","https://openalex.org/W2964286876","https://openalex.org/W2978044659","https://openalex.org/W2981684347","https://openalex.org/W3010219363","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3042916480","https://openalex.org/W3089683834","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3109838421","https://openalex.org/W3142837074","https://openalex.org/W3167699532","https://openalex.org/W3168414501","https://openalex.org/W3185555828","https://openalex.org/W3194248746","https://openalex.org/W3194663316","https://openalex.org/W4221155406","https://openalex.org/W4225552807","https://openalex.org/W4286210182","https://openalex.org/W4312509967","https://openalex.org/W4313019229","https://openalex.org/W4360764549","https://openalex.org/W4385815497","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6788135285","https://openalex.org/W6795475546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W2806259446","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4247136043","https://openalex.org/W4312407344"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"X-ray":[1],"baggage":[2,43],"security":[3],"screening":[4],"has":[5],"shown":[6],"significant":[7],"strides":[8],"recently,":[9],"proving":[10],"itself":[11],"a":[12,48],"viable":[13],"solution":[14],"to":[15,22,55,143],"the":[16,57,74,106,114,128],"flaws":[17],"in":[18,24,42,67,72,132],"manual":[19],"screening,":[20],"thanks":[21],"advancements":[23],"deep":[25],"learning.":[26],"However,":[27],"these":[28],"data-hungry":[29],"techniques":[30],"feed":[31],"on":[32,98,119],"extensively":[33],"annotated":[34],"data":[35],"involving":[36],"strenuous":[37],"labor,":[38],"impeding":[39],"their":[40],"advances":[41],"screening.":[44],"Consequently,":[45],"we":[46,140],"present":[47],"context-aware":[49],"transformer":[50],"for":[51,151],"weakly":[52],"supervised":[53],"localization":[54,137],"relieve":[56],"annotation":[58],"burden":[59],"and":[60,70,84,136,147],"provide":[61,148],"visual":[62],"interpretability":[63],"that":[64],"aids":[65],"screeners":[66],"threat":[68],"recognition":[69],"researchers":[71],"identifying":[73],"pitfalls":[75],"of":[76,88,127,134],"existing":[77],"systems.":[78],"The":[79],"proposed":[80],"approach":[81],"can":[82],"generalize":[83],"localize":[85],"different":[86],"types":[87],"contraband":[89],"with":[90],"only":[91],"cost-effective":[92],"binary":[93],"labels":[94],"without":[95],"explicit":[96],"training":[97],"item":[99],"detection.":[100],"Context":[101],"extraction":[102],"block,":[103],"integrated":[104],"into":[105],"dual-token":[107],"framework,":[108],"generates":[109],"threat-aware":[110],"context":[111],"maps,":[112],"while":[113],"token":[115],"scoring":[116],"block":[117],"focuses":[118],"minimizing":[120],"partial":[121],"activations.":[122],"Experimental":[123],"results":[124],"surpass":[125],"state":[126],"art":[129],"(SOTA)":[130],"methods":[131],"terms":[133],"classification":[135],"accuracies.":[138],"Furthermore,":[139],"analyze":[141],"failures":[142],"determine":[144],"current":[145],"vulnerabilities":[146],"new":[149],"insights":[150],"future":[152],"research.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
