{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388878559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3330307","title":"Indirect Coordinated Attack Against Relay via Load-Side Power Electronics and Its Defense Strategy","display_name":"Indirect Coordinated Attack Against Relay via Load-Side Power Electronics and Its Defense Strategy","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388878559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3330307"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2023.3330307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3330307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039927732","display_name":"Luyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9281-9571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9281-9571","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005249011","display_name":"Kaifeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7922-272X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaifeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7922-272X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025225103","display_name":"Wenjun Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0653-4455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799736854","display_name":"Nanjing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00n6txq60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799736854"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjun Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric Power Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0653-4455","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric Power Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799736854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100347177","display_name":"Ying Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9498-6426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9498-6426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100462100","display_name":"Yaping Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5175-8186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738113","display_name":"China Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehpzy81","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power Research Institute, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5175-8186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power Research Institute, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071903924","display_name":"Wenbo Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8409-7045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738113","display_name":"China Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehpzy81","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbo Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power Research Institute, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8409-7045","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power Research Institute, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2046,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79652496,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"5112","last_page":"5124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.7725747227668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overcurrent","display_name":"Overcurrent","score":0.6710292100906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tripping","display_name":"Tripping","score":0.6571459770202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blocking","display_name":"Blocking (statistics)","score":0.6450762152671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protective-relay","display_name":"Protective relay","score":0.6431583166122437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5284024477005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5027885437011719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-protection","display_name":"Power-system protection","score":0.4546296298503876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.4358672797679901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3521086573600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.35072147846221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3308010995388031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2832196354866028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2642322778701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.24944975972175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circuit-breaker","display_name":"Circuit breaker","score":0.19690808653831482}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.7725747227668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47949032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663542","display_name":"Overcurrent","level":3,"score":0.6710292100906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779733308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146464","display_name":"Tripping","level":3,"score":0.6571459770202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144745244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927286","display_name":"Blocking (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6450762152671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2412688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503732","display_name":"Protective relay","level":4,"score":0.6431583166122437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5284024477005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5027885437011719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.4546296298503876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.4358672797679901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3521086573600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.35072147846221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3308010995388031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2832196354866028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2642322778701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.24944975972175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61352017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211058","display_name":"Circuit breaker","level":2,"score":0.19690808653831482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2023.3330307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3330307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5672479212","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51977033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041832602","https://openalex.org/W2067681173","https://openalex.org/W2089276300","https://openalex.org/W2105582581","https://openalex.org/W2118675949","https://openalex.org/W2119290091","https://openalex.org/W2143426320","https://openalex.org/W2155742919","https://openalex.org/W2189731468","https://openalex.org/W2304769060","https://openalex.org/W2345111021","https://openalex.org/W2522610349","https://openalex.org/W2563466111","https://openalex.org/W2743967296","https://openalex.org/W2766130346","https://openalex.org/W2774581802","https://openalex.org/W2800842075","https://openalex.org/W2883645920","https://openalex.org/W2902126042","https://openalex.org/W2960952362","https://openalex.org/W2963582227","https://openalex.org/W3004190020","https://openalex.org/W3022323930","https://openalex.org/W3044480760","https://openalex.org/W3061964575","https://openalex.org/W3112557775","https://openalex.org/W3114008435","https://openalex.org/W3118456028","https://openalex.org/W3129701133","https://openalex.org/W3132992248","https://openalex.org/W3134709860","https://openalex.org/W3135403073","https://openalex.org/W3174085705","https://openalex.org/W3186360695","https://openalex.org/W3210102662","https://openalex.org/W3212371153","https://openalex.org/W4220858141","https://openalex.org/W4250262630"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205372965","https://openalex.org/W3006148033","https://openalex.org/W2572248349","https://openalex.org/W2150619725","https://openalex.org/W4229565825","https://openalex.org/W2548442521","https://openalex.org/W2169000255","https://openalex.org/W2124307524","https://openalex.org/W2118885789","https://openalex.org/W3214830231"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,193],"vital":[1],"importance":[2],"of":[3,57,81,91,122,195],"the":[4,28,55,58,63,77,87,92,107,120,123,153,165,175,180,185,196,200,206],"relay":[5,70,95],"protection":[6],"system":[7],"makes":[8],"it":[9,15,67,109,183],"difficult":[10],"for":[11,65],"attackers":[12],"to":[13,38,42,45,68,71,119,137,158],"attack":[14,25],"directly.":[16],"This":[17],"article":[18,53,75],"points":[19],"out":[20],"an":[21],"innovative":[22],"indirect":[23,83,102],"coordinated":[24],"(ICA)":[26],"against":[27,174],"relay,":[29],"which":[30,135],"is":[31,133,136,203],"initiated":[32],"by":[33,179],"manipulating":[34,66],"load-side":[35,59],"power":[36,60,124],"electronics":[37],"generate":[39],"false":[40],"signals,":[41],"induce":[43],"relays":[44],"malfunction":[46],"and":[47,62,79,162,199],"thus":[48],"override":[49],"trip.":[50],"First,":[51],"this":[52,74],"analyzes":[54],"vulnerability":[56],"electronic":[61],"potential":[64],"cause":[69],"malfunction.":[72],"Next,":[73],"investigates":[76],"principles":[78],"consequences":[80],"two":[82,101],"attacks,":[84],"resulting":[85],"in":[86,149],"blocking":[88,140,177],"or":[89],"tripping":[90,186],"directional":[93],"overcurrent":[94,167],"(DOCR),":[96],"respectively.":[97],"Notably,":[98],"if":[99],"these":[100],"attacks":[103],"are":[104],"combined":[105],"into":[106],"ICA,":[108],"can":[110],"penetrate":[111],"through":[112],"multiple":[113],"DOCRs,":[114],"posing":[115],"a":[116,130,139,146],"considerable":[117],"threat":[118],"security":[121],"system.":[125,211],"To":[126],"cope":[127],"with":[128],"it,":[129],"defense":[131,201],"strategy":[132,202],"proposed,":[134],"implement":[138],"reasons":[141],"identification":[142],"technology":[143],"(BRIT)":[144],"as":[145],"built-in":[147],"function":[148],"DOCRs.":[150],"BRIT":[151],"employs":[152],"recursive":[154],"feature":[155],"elimination":[156],"method":[157],"select":[159],"optimal":[160],"features":[161],"then":[163],"identifies":[164],"actual":[166],"signal":[168,187],"based":[169],"on":[170],"bidirectional":[171],"LSTMto":[172],"defend":[173],"faulty":[176],"caused":[178],"ICA.":[181],"Consequently,":[182],"prevents":[184],"from":[188],"causing":[189],"more":[190],"extensive":[191],"damage.":[192],"performance":[194],"ICA":[197],"process":[198],"validated":[204],"using":[205],"CIGRE":[207],"low-voltage":[208],"microgrid":[209],"example":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}