{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386918944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3314071","title":"2-D Transformer-Based Approach for Process Monitoring of Metal 3-D Printing via Coaxial High-Speed Imaging","display_name":"2-D Transformer-Based Approach for Process Monitoring of Metal 3-D Printing via Coaxial High-Speed Imaging","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386918944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3314071"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2023.3314071","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3314071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011641667","display_name":"Weihao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5207-8112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123021","display_name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031npqv35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weihao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5207-8112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101443363","display_name":"Jiapeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9371-9680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123021","display_name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031npqv35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiapeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9371-9680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058641985","display_name":"Min Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123021","display_name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031npqv35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5533-189X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010721431","display_name":"Honglin Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-2205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123021","display_name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031npqv35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Honglin Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-2205","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Linzhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5996-5943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123021","display_name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031npqv35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linzhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5996-5943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050511186","display_name":"Qi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2224-9299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123021","display_name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031npqv35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2224-9299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028959970","display_name":"Shuqian Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0155-4956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123021","display_name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031npqv35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuqian Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0155-4956","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011641667"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1729,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88618948,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"3767","last_page":"3777"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5928146243095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coaxial","display_name":"Coaxial","score":0.5927621126174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4873843789100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4784524440765381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.425012469291687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3302842676639557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29762741923332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.13175249099731445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5928146243095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51221625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751466","display_name":"Coaxial","level":2,"score":0.5927621126174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4873843789100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4784524440765381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.425012469291687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3302842676639557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29762741923332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13175249099731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2023.3314071","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3314071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8065799061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51675507","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522734439","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2344924913","https://openalex.org/W2592704084","https://openalex.org/W2797662745","https://openalex.org/W2809775572","https://openalex.org/W2883753828","https://openalex.org/W2884601396","https://openalex.org/W2891043551","https://openalex.org/W2935827715","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963524571","https://openalex.org/W2967928155","https://openalex.org/W2990456352","https://openalex.org/W2990503944","https://openalex.org/W2990819255","https://openalex.org/W3034521819","https://openalex.org/W3034572008","https://openalex.org/W3126721948","https://openalex.org/W3131495589","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3141382770","https://openalex.org/W3143979003","https://openalex.org/W3210279979","https://openalex.org/W4200329281","https://openalex.org/W4200579040","https://openalex.org/W4214612132","https://openalex.org/W4214614183","https://openalex.org/W4214636423","https://openalex.org/W4292686633","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6802648153","https://openalex.org/W6840599879"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Defects":[0],"in":[1,27,169],"the":[2,22,67,72,93,133,145,165],"metal":[3,86],"3-D":[4,87],"printing":[5,88],"process":[6,36,70,111],"exhibit":[7],"randomness":[8],"and":[9,17],"low":[10],"frequency,":[11],"making":[12],"them":[13],"difficult":[14],"to":[15,39,65,149,160],"predict":[16],"control.":[18],"This":[19,130],"severely":[20],"hinders":[21],"application":[23],"of":[24,71,84],"this":[25,55,77,170],"technology":[26],"critical":[28],"industrial":[29,101],"fields.":[30],"Extracting":[31],"useful":[32],"features":[33],"from":[34,109],"massive":[35,110],"monitoring":[37,61,112],"data":[38],"ensure":[40],"forming":[41,69],"quality":[42],"has":[43],"become":[44],"a":[45,57,80,114,138],"popular":[46],"research":[47],"direction":[48],"for":[49,127],"intelligent":[50],"additive":[51],"manufacturing":[52],"practitioners.":[53],"In":[54,158],"study,":[56],"coaxial":[58],"machine":[59],"vision":[60],"system":[62],"is":[63,125],"utilized":[64],"monitor":[66],"entire":[68],"melt":[73,107],"track.":[74],"More":[75],"importantly,":[76],"study":[78],"constructed":[79],"high-speed":[81],"video":[82,128,134,146],"dataset":[83],"typical":[85],"working":[89],"conditions":[90],"by":[91],"changing":[92],"powder":[94],"layer":[95],"thickness,":[96],"which":[97],"can":[98],"serve":[99],"actual":[100],"production.":[102],"To":[103],"promptly":[104],"recognize":[105],"unhealthy":[106],"tracks":[108],"data,":[113],"2-D":[115,139],"transformer-based":[116],"framework":[117,131],"named":[118],"super":[119],"frame":[120],"feature":[121,140],"pyramid":[122],"transformer":[123],"(SFFPT)":[124],"designed":[126],"classification.":[129],"transforms":[132],"understanding":[135],"task":[136,148],"into":[137],"map":[141],"processing":[142],"task,":[143],"allowing":[144],"classification":[147,167],"be":[150],"completed":[151],"directly":[152],"using":[153],"only":[154],"an":[155],"image":[156],"classifier.":[157],"comparison":[159],"state-of-the-art":[161],"methods,":[162],"SFFPT":[163],"achieves":[164],"best":[166],"accuracy":[168],"study.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
