{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379116868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3282319","title":"ICOE: A Lightweight Group-Consensus-Based Off-Chain Execution Model for Smart Contract-Based Industrial Applications","display_name":"ICOE: A Lightweight Group-Consensus-Based Off-Chain Execution Model for Smart Contract-Based Industrial Applications","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379116868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3282319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2023.3282319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3282319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092072690","display_name":"Dibo Xian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dibo Xian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003379167","display_name":"Xuetao Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4450-2251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuetao Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4450-2251","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092072690"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2779,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96503963,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"1895","last_page":"1906"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7406688928604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7054916620254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7015665173530579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.5189828276634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.5185521245002747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty","display_name":"Novelty","score":0.477020263671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commit","display_name":"Commit","score":0.4642871618270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.31121790409088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.20474764704704285}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7406688928604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7054916620254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7015665173530579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5189828276634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.5185521245002747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.477020263671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.4642871618270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.31121790409088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.20474764704704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2023.3282319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2023.3282319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2713097944","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72031003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037183202","https://openalex.org/W2081299636","https://openalex.org/W2114579022","https://openalex.org/W2130794005","https://openalex.org/W2140103799","https://openalex.org/W2158994553","https://openalex.org/W2536325433","https://openalex.org/W2604122668","https://openalex.org/W2734358244","https://openalex.org/W2797481382","https://openalex.org/W2803371618","https://openalex.org/W2898069736","https://openalex.org/W2914797198","https://openalex.org/W2918047150","https://openalex.org/W2942820662","https://openalex.org/W2946753740","https://openalex.org/W2954935879","https://openalex.org/W2963647498","https://openalex.org/W2966423400","https://openalex.org/W2970573752","https://openalex.org/W2970967309","https://openalex.org/W2982434383","https://openalex.org/W2982698807","https://openalex.org/W2992126204","https://openalex.org/W3007129533","https://openalex.org/W3029374313","https://openalex.org/W3091620507","https://openalex.org/W3094715105","https://openalex.org/W3107042223","https://openalex.org/W3108903985","https://openalex.org/W3119569744","https://openalex.org/W3123417681","https://openalex.org/W3127476229","https://openalex.org/W3136107660","https://openalex.org/W3138872810","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3198412969","https://openalex.org/W3198515637","https://openalex.org/W3203073144","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4220749872","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4283389819","https://openalex.org/W4292387255","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4367365664","https://openalex.org/W4293227618","https://openalex.org/W2136634148","https://openalex.org/W3090326592","https://openalex.org/W3103506657","https://openalex.org/W4293653209","https://openalex.org/W4292566855","https://openalex.org/W4236848438","https://openalex.org/W4247269287","https://openalex.org/W4383898246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Programmable":[0],"smart":[1,25,40,69,127,144,163],"contracts":[2,26,70],"facilitate":[3],"the":[4,45,73,101,125,138,142,148,160,172,192],"application":[5],"of":[6,11,44,72,103,117,186],"blockchain":[7,24],"to":[8,31,123,141,152],"many":[9],"areas":[10],"industry,":[12],"e.g.,":[13],"supply":[14],"chains,":[15],"energy,":[16],"and":[17,77,106,109,135,171],"healthcare.":[18],"The":[19,114],"off-chain":[20,87,93],"execution":[21,88,94,139],"model":[22,56],"for":[23,34,96],"is":[27,122],"a":[28,55,90,183],"promising":[29],"approach":[30],"achieve":[32],"scalability":[33],"industrial":[35],"applications,":[36],"which":[37],"executes":[38],"each":[39],"contract":[41,61,98,128,145,164],"in":[42,131],"one":[43],"small-scale":[46],"consensus":[47],"groups.":[48],"However,":[49],"previous":[50],"work":[51],"based":[52],"on":[53,188],"such":[54],"cannot":[57],"efficiently":[58],"handle":[59],"cross-group":[60,66,97],"transactions":[62,99],"that":[63,177],"involve":[64],"multiple":[65,157],"invocations":[67],"between":[68],"because":[71],"heavyweight":[74],"state":[75,104],"synchronization":[76,105],"repeated":[78],"executions.":[79],"In":[80],"this":[81],"article,":[82],"we":[83],"propose":[84],"interactive":[85],"consensus-based":[86],"(ICOE),":[89],"lightweight":[91],"group-consensus-based":[92],"model,":[95],"without":[100],"need":[102],"duplicate":[107],"executions":[108],"also":[110],"prove":[111],"its":[112,132],"correctness.":[113],"key":[115],"novelty":[116],"our":[118,178],"<sc":[119,168,179],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[120,169,180],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">ICOE</small>":[121,170,181],"let":[124],"invoked":[126],"only":[129,136],"executed":[130],"residing":[133],"group":[134],"return":[137],"result":[140],"invoking":[143,162],"while":[146],"leveraging":[147],"two-phase":[149],"commit":[150],"protocol":[151],"guarantee":[153],"consistent":[154],"commits":[155],"across":[156],"groups":[158],"within":[159],"same":[161],"transaction.":[165],"We":[166],"implement":[167],"extensive":[173],"experimental":[174],"results":[175],"show":[176],"achieves":[182],"14\u00d7":[184],"improvement":[185],"throughput":[187],"average":[189],"compared":[190],"with":[191],"state-of-the-art":[193],"model.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
