{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285291477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2022.3173928","title":"Blockchain-Based Network Slice Broker to Facilitate Factory-As-a-Service","display_name":"Blockchain-Based Network Slice Broker to Facilitate Factory-As-a-Service","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285291477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2022.3173928"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3173928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2022.3173928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10197/12970","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048493557","display_name":"Tharaka Hewa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4520-6542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tharaka Hewa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042235008","display_name":"Pawani Porambage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6365-9804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pawani Porambage","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009979493","display_name":"Ivana Kovacevic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6188-3711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738502077","display_name":"Nokia (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivana Kovacevic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia, Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046237861","display_name":"Nisita Weerasinghe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-3147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nisita Weerasinghe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045566035","display_name":"Erkki Harjula","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5331-209X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erkki Harjula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068169019","display_name":"Madhusanka Liyanage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4786-030X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128559575","display_name":"University of Ruhuna","ror":"https://ror.org/033jvzr14","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128559575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI","IE","LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madhusanka Liyanage","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","Center for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128559575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059694865","display_name":"Mika Ylianttila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8079-5514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mika Ylianttila","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048493557"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7825,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95340948,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"519","last_page":"530"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6754571199417114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.6108819842338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5376604199409485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.5254951119422913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.47603586316108704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4589674472808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factory","display_name":"Factory (object-oriented programming)","score":0.43163636326789856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4252271354198456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4089815020561218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.34461358189582825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.33010584115982056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.19500088691711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.13663527369499207}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6754571199417114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.6108819842338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5376604199409485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5254951119422913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.47603586316108704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4589674472808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40149104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5620977","display_name":"Factory (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.43163636326789856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4252271354198456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4089815020561218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.34461358189582825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.33010584115982056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.19500088691711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.13663527369499207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3173928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2022.3173928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oulu.fi:nbnfi-fe2022111465569","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2022111465569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400284","display_name":"University of Oulu Repository (University of Oulu)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","host_organization_name":"University of Oulu","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchrepository.ucd.ie:10197/12970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10197/12970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402280","display_name":"Research Repository UCD (University College Dublin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","host_organization_name":"University College Dublin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:researchrepository.ucd.ie:10197/12970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10197/12970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402280","display_name":"Research Repository UCD (University College Dublin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","host_organization_name":"University College Dublin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G264021278","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2077_P2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3373378972","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3/RC/2077_P2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4778870227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2077 P2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5318036630","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3/RC/2077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7226090481","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1830953589","https://openalex.org/W2003603487","https://openalex.org/W2099618002","https://openalex.org/W2345842246","https://openalex.org/W2783147858","https://openalex.org/W2805037475","https://openalex.org/W2890342091","https://openalex.org/W2897420641","https://openalex.org/W2919530665","https://openalex.org/W2920270483","https://openalex.org/W2944469681","https://openalex.org/W3011114555","https://openalex.org/W3011283647","https://openalex.org/W3030575431","https://openalex.org/W3031802354","https://openalex.org/W3058760796","https://openalex.org/W3088385878","https://openalex.org/W3148790059","https://openalex.org/W4245593892"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987562536","https://openalex.org/W4383533535","https://openalex.org/W2375814310","https://openalex.org/W4380353856","https://openalex.org/W2347216446","https://openalex.org/W1995212308","https://openalex.org/W4255938919","https://openalex.org/W2364137969","https://openalex.org/W1985348076","https://openalex.org/W3121296602"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,68],"novel":[1],"concept":[2],"of":[3,9,92,136],"factory-as-a-service":[4],"(FaaS)":[5],"allows":[6],"the":[7,11,16,54,117,121,139],"agility":[8],"adapting":[10],"manufacturing":[12],"process":[13],"by":[14],"identifying":[15],"industry\u2019s":[17],"supply":[18],"chain":[19],"and":[20,30,76,83,95,111,120,125,133,142],"user":[21],"requirements.":[22],"To":[23],"cater":[24],"to":[25,47,53,65,115],"FaaS,":[26],"flexibility":[27],"in":[28],"networking":[29,48],"cloud":[31],"services":[32,79],"is":[33,41],"a":[34,42,61,102,143],"must.":[35],"5G":[36],"network":[37,78],"slice":[38,93,104,140],"broker":[39],"(NSB)":[40],"third-party":[43],"mediator":[44],"that":[45],"caters":[46],"resource":[49,81],"demand":[50,126],"from":[51],"clients":[52],"service":[55,85],"providers.":[56],"Thus,":[57],"this":[58],"article":[59],"introduces":[60],"secure":[62,70],"blockchain-based":[63],"NSB":[64,71],"facilitate":[66],"FaaS.":[67],"proposed":[69],"(SNSB)":[72],"provides":[73],"secure,":[74],"cognitive,":[75],"distributed":[77],"for":[80],"allocation":[82],"security":[84],"level":[86],"agreement":[87],"(SSLA)":[88],"formation":[89],"with":[90,107],"coordination":[91],"managers":[94],"SSLA":[96,145],"managers.":[97],"In":[98],"SNSB,":[99],"we":[100],"introduce":[101],"federated":[103],"selection":[105],"algorithm":[106,114],"Stackelberg":[108],"game":[109],"model":[110],"reinforcement":[112],"learning":[113],"compute":[116],"real":[118],"time":[119],"optimal":[122],"unit":[123],"price":[124],"level.":[127],"We":[128],"provide":[129],"an":[130],"extensive":[131],"implementation":[132],"performance":[134],"evaluation":[135],"SNSB":[137],"using":[138],"manager":[141],"custom":[144],"manager.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}