{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226538140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2022.3168747","title":"Proof of Chance: A Lightweight Consensus Algorithm for the Internet of Things","display_name":"Proof of Chance: A Lightweight Consensus Algorithm for the Internet of Things","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226538140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2022.3168747"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3168747","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2022.3168747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042385111","display_name":"Mostefa Kara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5736-8039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154551","display_name":"Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Bab El Oued","ror":"https://ror.org/05qf3bt68","country_code":"DZ","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154551"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostefa Kara","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIAP Laboratory, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5736-8039","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIAP Laboratory, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154551"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006883497","display_name":"Abdelkader Laouid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8175-8467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154551","display_name":"Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Bab El Oued","ror":"https://ror.org/05qf3bt68","country_code":"DZ","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154551"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelkader Laouid","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIAP Laboratory, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8175-8467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIAP Laboratory, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154551"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089637331","display_name":"Mohammad Hammoudeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1058-0996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Hammoudeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information and Computer Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1058-0996","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Computer Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058201944","display_name":"Muath AlShaikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5550-7659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120238654","display_name":"Saudi Electronic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ndh7v49","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muath AlShaikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5550-7659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079720434","display_name":"Ahc\u00e8ne Bounceur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0043-7742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161929037","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8h3982","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161929037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123702","display_name":"Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques de l\u2019Information de la Communication et de la Connaissance","ror":"https://ror.org/0266kfd37","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I180375564","https://openalex.org/I201181511","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I4210123702","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210145102","https://openalex.org/I4210148559","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4405260085"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahcene Bounceur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lab-STICC UMR CNRS, University of Western Brittany UBO, Brest, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0043-7742","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lab-STICC UMR CNRS, University of Western Brittany UBO, Brest, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I161929037","https://openalex.org/I4210123702"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.6286,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98860026,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"11","first_page":"8336","last_page":"8345"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11407","display_name":"Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.5755164623260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5373562574386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4783986806869507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.4225625991821289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4129115641117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.13983845710754395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.5755164623260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5373562574386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4783986806869507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.4225625991821289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4129115641117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.13983845710754395}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3168747","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2022.3168747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05038052v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.univ-brest.fr/hal-05038052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2022, 18 (11), pp.8336-8345. &#x27E8;10.1109/TII.2022.3168747&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970842215","https://openalex.org/W1972614536","https://openalex.org/W2006699751","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2183126124","https://openalex.org/W2567666263","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2774627213","https://openalex.org/W2885743763","https://openalex.org/W2920960013","https://openalex.org/W2945217779","https://openalex.org/W2960946585","https://openalex.org/W2967604605","https://openalex.org/W2982365461","https://openalex.org/W3016351519","https://openalex.org/W3016687266","https://openalex.org/W3017230573","https://openalex.org/W3037289482","https://openalex.org/W3038584219","https://openalex.org/W3046191230","https://openalex.org/W3102256815","https://openalex.org/W3109380690","https://openalex.org/W3110646255","https://openalex.org/W3140487914","https://openalex.org/W3186614012","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6686086662","https://openalex.org/W6759973471","https://openalex.org/W6786784156"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W4245490552","https://openalex.org/W4225152035","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W1587224694"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"is":[2,14,26,87,93,125],"to":[3,28,117,152],"propose":[4],"a":[5,34,46,64,90],"consensus":[6,79,139],"algorithm,":[7],"called":[8],"Proof":[9,156],"of":[10,20,123,146,157],"Chance":[11],"(PoCh),":[12],"which":[13],"designed":[15,27],"for":[16],"the":[17,75,81,107,155],"industrial":[18],"Internet":[19],"Things":[21],"(IIoT).":[22],"The":[23,120],"PoCh":[24,48,124,135],"protocol":[25],"be":[29],"scalable":[30],"and":[31,38,41,89,112],"extensible,":[32],"with":[33],"controllable":[35],"conformance":[36],"delay":[37],"low":[39],"hardware":[40],"computation":[42],"requirements.":[43],"To":[44],"reach":[45],"consensus,":[47],"uses":[49],"chance":[50],"rather":[51],"than":[52,144],"computing":[53],"power:":[54],"\u201cif":[55],"condition":[56,67,82,96],"<inline-formula":[57,68,83,97,126],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[58,69,84,98,127],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[59,70,85,99,128],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$_{1}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[60,86],",":[61,72,132],"I":[62,73],"am":[63,74],"candidate;":[65],"if":[66],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[71,100],"miner.\u201d":[76],"During":[77],"every":[78],"iteration,":[80],"updated,":[88],"single":[91],"miner":[92],"chosen":[94],"using":[95],".":[101],"Those":[102],"conditions":[103],"are":[104,148],"randomized":[105],"without":[106,113],"node":[108],"generating":[109],"any":[110,115],"value":[111],"assigning":[114],"weight":[116],"such":[118],"value.":[119],"fault":[121],"tolerance":[122],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$5f/3":[129],"+":[130],"1$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[131],"meaning":[133],"that":[134],"can":[136],"successfully":[137],"achieve":[138],"as":[140,142],"long":[141],"more":[143],"40%":[145],"nodes":[147],"functioning":[149],"properly,":[150],"compared":[151],"50%":[153],"in":[154],"Stake":[158],"(PoS)":[159],"protocol.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
