{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208525205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3124468","title":"Combined Approach to Estimate Blood Glucose Level in Noninvasive Monitoring: Ultra-Wide Band Microwave and Cascaded General Regression Neural Network","display_name":"Combined Approach to Estimate Blood Glucose Level in Noninvasive Monitoring: Ultra-Wide Band Microwave and Cascaded General Regression Neural Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208525205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3124468","mag":"3208525205"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3124468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3124468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068491485","display_name":"Zengxiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4537-6437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zengxiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4537-6437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008347345","display_name":"Xia Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6689-2396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6689-2396","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036100381","display_name":"Chenxi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0180-4126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078574228","display_name":"Takamaro Kikkawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5497-9734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113306721","display_name":"Hiroshima University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t78wx29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takamaro Kikkawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute for Nanodevice and Bio Systems, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5497-9734","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Nanodevice and Bio Systems, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068491485"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.481,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92668504,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"8","first_page":"5105","last_page":"5114"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.7452490329742432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.638057291507721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48600420355796814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4762430489063263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.4740728437900543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4485258162021637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximation-error","display_name":"Approximation error","score":0.42664188146591187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.4212706983089447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-monitoring","display_name":"Continuous monitoring","score":0.416128009557724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-patient-monitoring","display_name":"Remote patient monitoring","score":0.414423406124115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-absolute-error","display_name":"Mean absolute error","score":0.4136827886104584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27877670526504517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2709769308567047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.24284684658050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.16492179036140442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.14638358354568481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1454937756061554}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.7452490329742432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.638057291507721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48600420355796814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4762430489063263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.4740728437900543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4485258162021637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.42664188146591187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.4212706983089447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776902269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165493","display_name":"Continuous monitoring","level":2,"score":0.416128009557724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175079658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7312165","display_name":"Remote patient monitoring","level":2,"score":0.414423406124115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188154048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803609","display_name":"Mean absolute error","level":3,"score":0.4136827886104584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27877670526504517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2709769308567047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.24284684658050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16492179036140442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14638358354568481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1454937756061554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3124468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3124468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1862659489","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61271323","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4418820582","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020XYF-0037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322701","funder_display_name":"Tianjin University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322701","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1034491903","https://openalex.org/W1986495510","https://openalex.org/W2137095864","https://openalex.org/W2344861020","https://openalex.org/W2535689151","https://openalex.org/W2581678397","https://openalex.org/W2609205766","https://openalex.org/W2647097228","https://openalex.org/W2768468300","https://openalex.org/W2803361407","https://openalex.org/W2891262528","https://openalex.org/W2898171464","https://openalex.org/W2898646410","https://openalex.org/W2904359970","https://openalex.org/W2911104112","https://openalex.org/W2912309529","https://openalex.org/W2941994073","https://openalex.org/W2969254660","https://openalex.org/W2972869264","https://openalex.org/W2978926843","https://openalex.org/W3001135749","https://openalex.org/W3014703212","https://openalex.org/W3015112334","https://openalex.org/W3023684826","https://openalex.org/W3025012443","https://openalex.org/W3034616716","https://openalex.org/W3038058895","https://openalex.org/W3044076918","https://openalex.org/W3046853010","https://openalex.org/W3049053186","https://openalex.org/W3060830921","https://openalex.org/W3092407225","https://openalex.org/W3108530139","https://openalex.org/W3116123070","https://openalex.org/W6781029535"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4247388746","https://openalex.org/W2314720829","https://openalex.org/W4285794683","https://openalex.org/W3178576217","https://openalex.org/W4221063543","https://openalex.org/W4385195237","https://openalex.org/W4286256617","https://openalex.org/W2180861079","https://openalex.org/W4387072315","https://openalex.org/W135180227"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,7,10,81,101,111,115,140,152],"increasing":[2],"number":[3],"of":[4,12,22],"diabetic":[5],"around":[6],"world":[8],"and":[9,24,71,93,114,154,162],"deficiencies":[11],"invasive":[13],"blood":[14,31,64,133],"glucose":[15,32,65,75,134],"detection,":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18],"prickly":[19],"pain,":[20],"risk":[21],"infection,":[23],"no":[25],"continuous":[26],"monitoring,":[27],"a":[28,54,131],"proper":[29],"noninvasive":[30,70,142],"monitoring":[33,83,136],"method":[34],"is":[35,61,88],"highly":[36],"desired":[37],"to":[38,68,106],"deal":[39],"better":[40],"with":[41,53,110],"it.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"article,":[45],"an":[46],"ultrawide":[47],"band":[48],"microwave":[49],"based":[50],"technique":[51],"combined":[52],"cascaded":[55],"general":[56],"regression":[57],"neural":[58],"network":[59],"(C-GRNN)":[60],"proposed":[62,97,141],"for":[63,90],"level":[66,135],"estimation":[67,126],"achieve":[69],"intelligent":[72,91],"monitoring.":[73],"Different":[74],"solutions":[76],"are":[77,159],"tested":[78],"by":[79],"using":[80,139],"reported":[82],"system":[84],"in":[85,150],"which":[86,151],"C-GRNN":[87,98],"used":[89],"detection":[92],"frequency":[94],"choice.":[95],"The":[96,144],"can":[99],"reduce":[100],"prediction":[102],"interval":[103],"from":[104],"12.3858":[105],"2.1375":[107],"mg/dL":[108,161],"compared":[109],"conventional":[112],"GRNN,":[113],"root-mean-square":[116],"error":[117,158],"(RMSE)":[118],"reaches":[119],"2.20":[120],"mg/dL.":[121],"These":[122],"results":[123,146],"show":[124,147],"good":[125],"performance.":[127],"We":[128],"also":[129],"conduct":[130],"continuous-time":[132],"on":[137],"volunteer":[138],"method.":[143],"final":[145],"well":[148],"accuracy":[149],"RMSE":[153],"mean":[155],"absolute":[156],"percentage":[157],"13.3208":[160],"9.74%,":[163],"respectively.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-03T08:25:01.440150","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}