{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3202648990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3118022","title":"Pupil-Contour-Based Gaze Estimation With Real Pupil Axes for Head-Mounted Eye Tracking","display_name":"Pupil-Contour-Based Gaze Estimation With Real Pupil Axes for Head-Mounted Eye Tracking","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3202648990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3118022","mag":"3202648990"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3118022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3118022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078635469","display_name":"Zhonghua Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6350-2468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhonghua Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","[School of Information Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 47900 Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430081 (e-mail: zhwan@hust.edu.cn)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6350-2468","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Information Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 47900 Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430081 (e-mail: zhwan@hust.edu.cn)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770696","display_name":"Caihua Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2326-0289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caihua Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Institute of Rehabilitation and Medical Robotics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","[School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 12443 Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430074 (e-mail: chxiong@hust.edu.cn)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2326-0289","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Institute of Rehabilitation and Medical Robotics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 12443 Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430074 (e-mail: chxiong@hust.edu.cn)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693240","display_name":"Wenbin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-1934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Institute of Rehabilitation and Medical Robotics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","[School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 12443 Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430074 (e-mail: wbchen@hust.edu.cn)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-1934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Institute of Rehabilitation and Medical Robotics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 12443 Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430074 (e-mail: wbchen@hust.edu.cn)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101435257","display_name":"Hanyuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8426-696X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanyuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","[Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 47900 Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430081 (e-mail: hyzhang@wust.edu.cn)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8426-696X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 47900 Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430081 (e-mail: hyzhang@wust.edu.cn)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068171246","display_name":"Shiqian Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6383-7663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiqian Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","[School of Information Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 47900 Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430081 (e-mail: shiqian.wu@wust.edu.cn)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6383-7663","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Information Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 47900 Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430081 (e-mail: shiqian.wu@wust.edu.cn)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.882,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85605842,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"6","first_page":"3640","last_page":"3650"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9603000283241272,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil","display_name":"Pupil","score":0.8650116324424744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8005229830741882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7964290380477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.744275689125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.659896731376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6081953048706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.5655272006988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5015773773193359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1944369673728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10739067196846008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08814334869384766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08243396878242493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.8650116324424744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8005229830741882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7964290380477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.744275689125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.659896731376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6081953048706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5655272006988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5015773773193359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1944369673728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10739067196846008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08814334869384766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08243396878242493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3118022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3118022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1432229094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1913601","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2547937214","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1913205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4897306294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52075191","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7067728106","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52027806","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7313199367","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61775172","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503483822","https://openalex.org/W1580261990","https://openalex.org/W1968023676","https://openalex.org/W1972332041","https://openalex.org/W2017617273","https://openalex.org/W2044697119","https://openalex.org/W2066359650","https://openalex.org/W2077869260","https://openalex.org/W2085261163","https://openalex.org/W2119222995","https://openalex.org/W2125518445","https://openalex.org/W2135346731","https://openalex.org/W2167020116","https://openalex.org/W2235775875","https://openalex.org/W2354422866","https://openalex.org/W2358573252","https://openalex.org/W2409999048","https://openalex.org/W2417299834","https://openalex.org/W2592853764","https://openalex.org/W2805172773","https://openalex.org/W2806089969","https://openalex.org/W2889118318","https://openalex.org/W2947812513","https://openalex.org/W2947989563","https://openalex.org/W2964934946","https://openalex.org/W2997514173","https://openalex.org/W3033353262","https://openalex.org/W4298180093","https://openalex.org/W6634947276","https://openalex.org/W6706817320"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W3207760378","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W1986970529","https://openalex.org/W2591813577","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"gaze":[1,14,24,40,74,87,111,122,130,139],"estimation":[2,15,41,75,112,131,140],"that":[3,22,77,114,127],"frees":[4],"from":[5,51,144],"glints":[6],"and":[7,65,91,101],"the":[8,23,31,44,52,58,62,66,79,86,116,121,128,145],"slippage":[9,146],"problem":[10],"is":[11,26,49],"challenging.":[12],"Pupil-contour-based":[13],"methods":[16],"can":[17],"meet":[18],"this":[19],"challenge,":[20],"except":[21],"accuracy":[25,135],"low":[27],"due":[28],"to":[29,85,120,136],"neglecting":[30],"pupil\u2019s":[32],"corneal":[33],"refraction":[34],"This":[35],"article":[36],"proposes":[37],"a":[38,72,109],"refraction-aware":[39],"approach":[42,132],"using":[43],"real":[45,63,80,117],"pupil":[46,54,64,81,118],"axis,":[47],"which":[48,142],"calculated":[50],"virtual":[53,68],"image":[55],"based":[56],"on":[57],"derived":[59],"function":[60],"between":[61],"refracted":[67],"pupil.":[69],"We":[70],"present":[71],"2-D":[73],"method":[76,113],"regresses":[78],"normal\u2019s":[82],"spherical":[83],"coordinates":[84],"point.":[88],"The":[89],"noise":[90],"outliers":[92],"of":[93],"calibration":[94],"data":[95],"are":[96],"removed":[97],"by":[98],"aggregation":[99],"filtering":[100],"random":[102],"sample":[103],"consensus,":[104],"respectively.":[105],"Moreover,":[106],"we":[107],"propose":[108],"3-D":[110],"transforms":[115],"axis":[119],"direction.":[123],"Experimental":[124],"results":[125],"show":[126],"proposed":[129],"has":[133],"comparable":[134],"state-of-the-art":[137],"pupil-center-based":[138],"methods,":[141],"suffer":[143],"problem.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}