{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3189406492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3103019","title":"Spatio-Temporal 3-D Residual Networks for Simultaneous Detection and Depth Estimation of CFRP Subsurface Defects in Lock-In Thermography","display_name":"Spatio-Temporal 3-D Residual Networks for Simultaneous Detection and Depth Estimation of CFRP Subsurface Defects in Lock-In Thermography","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3189406492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3103019","mag":"3189406492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3103019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3103019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/eecs_pubs/664","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017006103","display_name":"Yafei Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8354-8001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yafei Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control and Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control and Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035342250","display_name":"Chenjie Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8142-9591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenjie Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control and Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control and Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083250669","display_name":"Jiangxin Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangxin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control and Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control and Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031390008","display_name":"Yanlong Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0383-6586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanlong Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control and Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control and Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100627570","display_name":"Yanpeng Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3052-4820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanpeng Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control and Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control and Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353783","display_name":"Xin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0144-9489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017006103"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4098,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92743701,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"2571","last_page":"2581"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermography","display_name":"Thermography","score":0.9060665369033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.614457905292511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.6037488579750061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5670520663261414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondestructive-testing","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","score":0.5321806073188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4737304449081421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3860365152359009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.22260093688964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1279992163181305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.111432284116745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779222261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624587","display_name":"Thermography","level":3,"score":0.9060665369033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.614457905292511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.6037488579750061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5670520663261414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56529433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626700","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","level":2,"score":0.5321806073188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4737304449081421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3860365152359009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.22260093688964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1279992163181305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.111432284116745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3103019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3103019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.lsu.edu:eecs_pubs-1663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/eecs_pubs/664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.lsu.edu:eecs_pubs-1663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.lsu.edu/eecs_pubs/664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.lsu.edu:eecs_pubs-1663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/eecs_pubs/664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3096496822","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52075485","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1522734439","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1933921119","https://openalex.org/W1977523676","https://openalex.org/W1995700414","https://openalex.org/W1997463888","https://openalex.org/W2000523966","https://openalex.org/W2006405119","https://openalex.org/W2012890879","https://openalex.org/W2049363457","https://openalex.org/W2057710702","https://openalex.org/W2087943233","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2187875596","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2279098554","https://openalex.org/W2475510826","https://openalex.org/W2502312327","https://openalex.org/W2617398568","https://openalex.org/W2795164428","https://openalex.org/W2804806906","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963820951","https://openalex.org/W2971132620","https://openalex.org/W2990544831","https://openalex.org/W3010084473","https://openalex.org/W3024017712","https://openalex.org/W4250482878","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6631456553","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6695314431","https://openalex.org/W6724804524","https://openalex.org/W6777297314","https://openalex.org/W6780226713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2994919662","https://openalex.org/W3041672627","https://openalex.org/W346129553","https://openalex.org/W4283209813","https://openalex.org/W4226305447","https://openalex.org/W2353087477","https://openalex.org/W1979671329","https://openalex.org/W2028943086","https://openalex.org/W2571943642","https://openalex.org/W2990636717"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nondestructive":[0],"thermography":[1,38,100,184],"is":[2,162],"a":[3,35,42,65,74,89,112],"high-speed,":[4],"low-cost,":[5],"and":[6,27,40,78,82,106,124,148,153,168,173,179,189,196],"safe":[7],"solution":[8],"for":[9,101,185],"subsurface":[10,103,171],"defects":[11,57,144,172],"detection":[12,105,123,188],"of":[13,50,76,120,145,164,170],"carbon":[14],"fiber":[15],"reinforced":[16],"polymer":[17],"(CFRP)":[18],"materials,":[19],"providing":[20],"essential":[21],"quality":[22],"control":[23],"in":[24,182],"aerospace,":[25],"automobile,":[26],"sports":[28],"industries.":[29],"In":[30],"this":[31],"article,":[32],"we":[33,63,110],"build":[34],"reflective":[36],"lock-in":[37,99,183],"system":[39],"construct":[41],"dataset":[43,195],"that":[44,157],"contains":[45],"real-captured":[46,131],"thermal":[47,94],"image":[48,95],"sequences":[49,96],"CFRP":[51,140],"samples":[52],"with":[53,142],"various":[54,146],"simulated":[55],"internal":[56],"under":[58],"different":[59,150],"excitation":[60],"frequencies.":[61],"Then,":[62],"present":[64],"novel":[66],"3-D":[67,159],"convolutional":[68,80],"neural":[69],"network":[70],"(CNN)":[71],"model":[72,161],"incorporating":[73],"combination":[75],"spatial":[77],"temporal":[79],"filters":[81],"batch-size":[83],"independent":[84],"group":[85],"normalization":[86],"(GN)":[87],"as":[88],"unified":[90],"framework":[91],"to":[92,116],"process":[93],"captured":[97,194],"by":[98],"simultaneous":[102],"defect":[104,122,187],"depth":[107,125,190],"estimation.":[108],"Finally,":[109],"define":[111],"multitask":[113],"loss":[114],"function":[115],"perform":[117],"end-to-end":[118],"training":[119],"both":[121],"estimation":[126,191],"tasks":[127],"based":[128],"on":[129,139],"the":[130,177,197],"infrared":[132],"sequences.":[133],"Comparative":[134],"experiments":[135],"are":[136],"carried":[137],"out":[138],"specimens":[141],"artificial":[143],"sizes/shapes":[147],"at":[149],"depths.":[151],"Qualitative":[152],"quantitative":[154],"results":[155],"illustrate":[156],"our":[158],"CNN":[160],"capable":[163],"predicting":[165],"accurate":[166],"locations":[167],"depths":[169],"performs":[174],"favorably":[175],"against":[176],"hand-crafted":[178],"CNN-based":[180],"methods":[181],"individual":[186],"tasks.":[192],"The":[193],"source":[198],"codes":[199],"will":[200],"be":[201],"made":[202],"publicly":[203],"available.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
