{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3165473038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3082517","title":"Multiscale Symbolic Diversity Entropy: A Novel Measurement Approach for Time-Series Analysis and Its Application in Fault Diagnosis of Planetary Gearboxes","display_name":"Multiscale Symbolic Diversity Entropy: A Novel Measurement Approach for Time-Series Analysis and Its Application in Fault Diagnosis of Planetary Gearboxes","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3165473038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3082517","mag":"3165473038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3082517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3082517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100665121","display_name":"Yongbo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-9951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongbo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-9951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100424622","display_name":"Shun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-6220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-6220","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106552449","display_name":"Ni Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2358-7110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ni Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101621846","display_name":"Zichen Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8091-0503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zichen Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2741,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96212988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"1121","last_page":"1131"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.8528000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.8528000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.8465999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.8154000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.6038699746131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5378047823905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5104255080223083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.5046740770339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5019323825836182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.48702412843704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4510088860988617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/condition-monitoring","display_name":"Condition monitoring","score":0.41904768347740173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40924569964408875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40352898836135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37202876806259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.30474215745925903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1948380470275879}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.6038699746131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5378047823905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5104255080223083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.5046740770339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5019323825836182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.48702412843704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4510088860988617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775846686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643012","display_name":"Condition monitoring","level":2,"score":0.41904768347740173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40924569964408875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40352898836135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37202876806259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.30474215745925903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1948380470275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3082517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3082517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7671456736","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51805434","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964329416","https://openalex.org/W1967352108","https://openalex.org/W1970066309","https://openalex.org/W2004320486","https://openalex.org/W2014683958","https://openalex.org/W2031493386","https://openalex.org/W2071712140","https://openalex.org/W2074189988","https://openalex.org/W2077204677","https://openalex.org/W2086315826","https://openalex.org/W2098703540","https://openalex.org/W2133661263","https://openalex.org/W2164104048","https://openalex.org/W2169739344","https://openalex.org/W2291836622","https://openalex.org/W2365322416","https://openalex.org/W2468506054","https://openalex.org/W2483709108","https://openalex.org/W2517756674","https://openalex.org/W2523408358","https://openalex.org/W2609773015","https://openalex.org/W2765980554","https://openalex.org/W2777200870","https://openalex.org/W2799800773","https://openalex.org/W2809670936","https://openalex.org/W2894222237","https://openalex.org/W2922497381","https://openalex.org/W2948539592","https://openalex.org/W2999516673","https://openalex.org/W3002188287","https://openalex.org/W4252103803"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2931688134","https://openalex.org/W2377919138","https://openalex.org/W2378857091","https://openalex.org/W103652678","https://openalex.org/W4226090359","https://openalex.org/W2059697060","https://openalex.org/W936373746","https://openalex.org/W2975817033","https://openalex.org/W4256502920","https://openalex.org/W4382701072"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,101],"health":[1,128],"condition":[2],"monitoring":[3],"of":[4,40,67,111,130],"planetary":[5,112,131],"gearboxes":[6,132],"has":[7,53],"drawn":[8],"increasing":[9],"attention":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,48],"the":[13,63,75,89,118,122],"importance":[14],"for":[15,108],"safety":[16],"operation":[17],"and":[18,58,93],"failure":[19],"prevention.":[20],"A":[21],"novel":[22],"diagnosis":[23],"methodology":[24],"based":[25],"on":[26],"multiscale":[27,70,103],"symbolic":[28],"diversity":[29],"entropy":[30,68],"(SDivEn)":[31],"is":[32,43,72,81,106],"proposed":[33,102,119],"in":[34,55,78,125,133],"this":[35],"article.":[36],"Herein,":[37],"dynamical":[38],"complexity":[39],"measured":[41],"data":[42,77],"quantified":[44],"by":[45,87,97],"SDivEn.":[46],"Compare":[47],"other":[49,137],"entropy-based":[50,139],"descriptors,":[51,69],"SDivEn":[52,99,104],"advantages":[54],"its":[56],"robustness":[57],"computation":[59],"efficiency.":[60],"To":[61],"increase":[62],"feature":[64],"representation":[65],"capability":[66],"analysis":[71],"performed,":[73],"where":[74],"measurement":[76],"time":[79],"series":[80,86],"decomposed":[82],"into":[83],"multiple":[84],"scaled":[85],"using":[88,98],"coarse":[90],"graining":[91],"process":[92],"then":[94],"processed":[95],"individually":[96],"method.":[100],"method":[105,120],"applied":[107],"fault":[109],"recognition":[110],"gearboxes.":[113],"Experimental":[114],"results":[115],"indicate":[116],"that":[117],"obtains":[121],"highest":[123],"accuracy":[124],"recognizing":[126],"seven":[127],"conditions":[129],"comparison":[134],"with":[135],"three":[136],"existing":[138],"methods.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}