{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157960931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3075989","title":"Toward Children's Empathy Ability Analysis: Joint Facial Expression Recognition and Intensity Estimation Using Label Distribution Learning","display_name":"Toward Children's Empathy Ability Analysis: Joint Facial Expression Recognition and Intensity Estimation Using Label Distribution Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157960931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3075989","mag":"3157960931"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3075989","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3075989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001864927","display_name":"Jingying Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1523-3478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingying Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data and the National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1523-3478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data and the National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100767015","display_name":"Chen Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2230-8511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data and the National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data and the National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ruyi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2213-5152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruyi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data and the National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2213-5152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data and the National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100342392","display_name":"Kun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3920-3705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data and the National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3920-3705","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data and the National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101726016","display_name":"Zongkai Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8354-721X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongkai Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data and the National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data and the National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085867312","display_name":"Honghai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2880-4698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63072094","display_name":"University of Portsmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/03ykbk197","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Honghai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China","University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3558,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96240936,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"16","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13289","display_name":"Infant Health and Development","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3611","display_name":"Pharmacy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.7597734332084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.7545137405395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5777771472930908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empathy","display_name":"Empathy","score":0.5576152205467224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5485379099845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.4922734797000885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.47510942816734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47275811433792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","score":0.44260966777801514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39138346910476685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.38187241554260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.194382905960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08963814377784729}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.7597734332084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7545137405395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5777771472930908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.5576152205467224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5485379099845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4922734797000885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.47510942816734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47275811433792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44260966777801514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39138346910476685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.38187241554260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.194382905960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08963814377784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3075989","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3075989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1954675122","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61977027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3361325563","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019AAA044]","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335792","funder_display_name":"Hubei Technological Innovation Special Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4635035338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCNU19QN039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5782783055","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61807014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335792","display_name":"Hubei Technological Innovation Special Fund","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W132448360","https://openalex.org/W1495061807","https://openalex.org/W1870284572","https://openalex.org/W1974210421","https://openalex.org/W1989983801","https://openalex.org/W1997174243","https://openalex.org/W2016461833","https://openalex.org/W2024868105","https://openalex.org/W2035372623","https://openalex.org/W2083261637","https://openalex.org/W2088575594","https://openalex.org/W2102570318","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2108385997","https://openalex.org/W2117687540","https://openalex.org/W2124607009","https://openalex.org/W2134860945","https://openalex.org/W2145310492","https://openalex.org/W2159436955","https://openalex.org/W2198512331","https://openalex.org/W2217426128","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2411649312","https://openalex.org/W2469434562","https://openalex.org/W2490049321","https://openalex.org/W2549054384","https://openalex.org/W2553156677","https://openalex.org/W2724983119","https://openalex.org/W2750692136","https://openalex.org/W2767073696","https://openalex.org/W2768853015","https://openalex.org/W2793937251","https://openalex.org/W2799041689","https://openalex.org/W2799685664","https://openalex.org/W2811185462","https://openalex.org/W2898113613","https://openalex.org/W2901721413","https://openalex.org/W2921644959","https://openalex.org/W2923813945","https://openalex.org/W2963712289","https://openalex.org/W2964327872","https://openalex.org/W2970929894","https://openalex.org/W2982000771","https://openalex.org/W2988119488","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3105616927","https://openalex.org/W3124054989","https://openalex.org/W6687716273"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022249999","https://openalex.org/W2790197180","https://openalex.org/W2321298859","https://openalex.org/W2020597600","https://openalex.org/W2623239735","https://openalex.org/W2914237138","https://openalex.org/W2049690772","https://openalex.org/W1443290736","https://openalex.org/W2898390114","https://openalex.org/W2642127892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Empathy":[0],"ability":[1,32,76,268],"is":[2,25,58,97,119,153,211,259],"one":[3],"of":[4,56,84,141,221,263],"the":[5,17,44,54,79,82,115,125,139,148,158,170,184,190,215,234,240,246,256,264],"most":[6],"important":[7,60],"social":[8],"communication":[9],"skills":[10],"in":[11,110,124,161,192,261,266],"early":[12],"childhood":[13],"development.":[14],"To":[15,65],"analyze":[16,73],"children's":[18,35,74],"empathy":[19,75,267],"ability,":[20],"facial":[21,45,85],"expression":[22,46,52,103,126,145,159,164,171,185,216],"analysis":[23,262],"(FEA)":[24],"an":[26,111,225],"effective":[27],"way":[28],"due":[29],"to":[30,33,50,72,101,137,155,168,213],"its":[31,229],"understand":[34],"emotional":[36],"states.":[37],"Previous":[38],"works":[39],"mainly":[40],"focus":[41],"on":[42,92,250],"recognizing":[43],"categories":[47,80,104],"yet":[48],"fail":[49],"estimate":[51,106],"intensity,":[53],"latter":[55],"which":[57,99,166],"more":[59],"for":[61,121,144],"fine-grained":[62],"emotion":[63],"analysis.":[64],"this":[66,68],"end,":[67],"article":[69],"first":[70],"proposes":[71],"with":[77,275],"both":[78],"and":[81,105,133,173,197,228,273],"intensities":[83],"expressions.":[86,204],"A":[87],"novel":[88],"FEA":[89],"method":[90,258],"based":[91],"intensity":[93,108,116,150,160,174,196,236],"label":[94,117,151,237],"distribution":[95,118,152,238],"learning":[96],"presented,":[98],"aims":[100,167],"recognize":[102],"their":[107],"levels":[109],"end-to-end":[112],"framework.":[113],"First,":[114],"generated":[120],"each":[122],"frame":[123,227,232],"sequence":[127],"using":[128,233],"a":[129,134,162,177,206,219],"linear":[130],"interpolation":[131],"estimation":[132,175],"Gaussian":[135],"function":[136],"address":[138],"lack":[140],"reasonable":[142],"annotations":[143],"intensity.":[146],"Then,":[147],"extended":[149,235],"presented":[154,212],"automatically":[156],"encode":[157],"multidimensional":[163],"space,":[165],"integrate":[169],"recognition":[172,186],"into":[176],"unified":[178],"framework":[179],"as":[180,182,239],"well":[181],"boost":[183],"performance":[187],"by":[188,195,198],"suppressing":[189],"variations":[191,201],"appearance":[193],"caused":[194],"emphasizing":[199],"those":[200],"among":[202],"weak":[203],"Finally,":[205],"Siamese-like":[207],"convolutional":[208],"neural":[209],"network":[210],"learn":[214],"model":[217],"from":[218],"pair":[220],"frames":[222],"that":[223,255],"includes":[224],"expressive":[226],"corresponding":[230],"neutral":[231],"supervised":[241],"information,":[242],"thus":[243],"effectively":[244],"eliminating":[245],"expression-unrelated":[247],"information's":[248],"influence":[249],"FEA.":[251],"Numerous":[252],"experiments":[253],"validate":[254],"proposed":[257],"promising":[260],"differences":[265],"between":[269],"typically":[270],"developing":[271],"children":[272,274],"autism":[276],"spectrum":[277],"disorder.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
