{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3168905915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3075464","title":"DNNOff: Offloading DNN-Based Intelligent IoT Applications in Mobile Edge Computing","display_name":"DNNOff: Offloading DNN-Based Intelligent IoT Applications in Mobile Edge Computing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3168905915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3075464","mag":"3168905915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3075464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3075464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371774","display_name":"Xing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9641-3528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science and the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Computing and Intelligent Information Processing, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science and the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Computing and Intelligent Information Processing, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100351429","display_name":"Ming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4303-2438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science and the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Computing and Intelligent Information Processing, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science and the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Computing and Intelligent Information Processing, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002503342","display_name":"Hao Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4302-9183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101614814","display_name":"Yun Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7866-4075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035377793","display_name":"Ching\u2010Hsien Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143578492","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ching-Hsien Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100371774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.7942,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":141,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99584551,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"2820","last_page":"2829"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7988548278808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.6723505854606628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.5941670536994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5906429290771484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5309419631958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5218814015388489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4933225214481354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.48827433586120605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48107481002807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.4518924057483673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4486508369445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4170440435409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.4125119149684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4059472680091858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2537950873374939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10027781128883362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7988548278808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.6723505854606628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.5941670536994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5906429290771484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5309419631958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5218814015388489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4933225214481354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.48827433586120605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48107481002807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4518924057483673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4486508369445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4170440435409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4125119149684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4059472680091858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2537950873374939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10027781128883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3075464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3075464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3448430387","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2023380813","https://openalex.org/W2080017588","https://openalex.org/W2101788345","https://openalex.org/W2111938984","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2507055585","https://openalex.org/W2522123397","https://openalex.org/W2552562079","https://openalex.org/W2585425668","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2605258629","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2699159235","https://openalex.org/W2737654582","https://openalex.org/W2751904527","https://openalex.org/W2795061970","https://openalex.org/W2803889862","https://openalex.org/W2808052525","https://openalex.org/W2809251854","https://openalex.org/W2887817291","https://openalex.org/W2909099954","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2944544772","https://openalex.org/W2945553880","https://openalex.org/W2965751469","https://openalex.org/W2968424451","https://openalex.org/W2972517261","https://openalex.org/W2997558642","https://openalex.org/W3004189795","https://openalex.org/W3007565530","https://openalex.org/W3037353980","https://openalex.org/W3090219974","https://openalex.org/W6637373629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200420173","https://openalex.org/W3120617837","https://openalex.org/W3127808443","https://openalex.org/W2916011811","https://openalex.org/W3034137700","https://openalex.org/W4362496467","https://openalex.org/W2896883851","https://openalex.org/W2917127270","https://openalex.org/W3185499500","https://openalex.org/W3014317926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"deep":[1],"neural":[2],"network":[3],"(DNN)":[4],"has":[5],"become":[6],"increasingly":[7],"popular":[8],"in":[9],"industrial":[10],"Internet":[11],"of":[12],"Things":[13],"scenarios.":[14],"Due":[15],"to":[16,28,50,62,80,107],"high":[17],"demands":[18],"on":[19,31,127,150],"computational":[20],"capability,":[21],"it":[22,78],"is":[23,58],"hard":[24],"for":[25],"DNN-based":[26,99],"applications":[27],"directly":[29],"run":[30],"intelligent":[32,130],"end":[33],"devices":[34],"with":[35,132,141],"limited":[36],"resources.":[37],"Computation":[38],"offloading":[39,46,68,115,122],"technology":[40],"offers":[41],"a":[42,91,97,109,128],"feasible":[43],"solution":[44],"by":[45,148],"some":[47],"computation-intensive":[48],"tasks":[49],"the":[51,104,121],"cloud":[52],"or":[53],"edges.":[54],"Supporting":[55],"such":[56],"capability":[57],"not":[59],"easy":[60],"due":[61],"two":[63],"aspects:":[64],"<italic":[65,75],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[66,76],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Adaptability:</i>":[67],"should":[69],"dynamically":[70],"occur":[71],"among":[72],"computation":[73],"nodes.":[74],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Effectiveness:</i>":[77],"needs":[79],"be":[81],"determined":[82],"which":[83],"parts":[84],"are":[85],"worth":[86],"offloading.":[87],"This":[88],"article":[89],"proposes":[90],"novel":[92],"approach,":[93],"called":[94],"DNNOff.":[95],"For":[96],"given":[98],"application,":[100,131],"DNNOff":[101,126,144],"first":[102],"rewrites":[103],"source":[105],"code":[106],"implement":[108],"special":[110],"program":[111],"structure":[112],"supporting":[113],"on-demand":[114],"and,":[116],"at":[117],"runtime,":[118],"automatically":[119],"determines":[120],"scheme.":[123],"We":[124],"evaluated":[125],"real-world":[129],"three":[133],"DNN":[134],"models.":[135],"Our":[136],"results":[137],"show":[138],"that,":[139],"compared":[140],"other":[142],"approaches,":[143],"saves":[145],"response":[146],"time":[147],"12.4\u201366.6%":[149],"average.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}