{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130272317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3059676","title":"Self-Adaptive Traffic Control Model With Behavior Trees and Reinforcement Learning for AGV in Industry 4.0","display_name":"Self-Adaptive Traffic Control Model With Behavior Trees and Reinforcement Learning for AGV in Industry 4.0","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130272317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3059676","mag":"3130272317"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3059676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3059676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101899590","display_name":"Hao Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5629-1976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5629-1976","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103152837","display_name":"Xiaoliang Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2108-1738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoliang Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2108-1738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100398301","display_name":"Kuo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6362-1822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6362-1822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046491545","display_name":"Bingyang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9056-2645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingyang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9056-2645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9023,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97523512,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"12","first_page":"7968","last_page":"7979"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8033017516136169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5335588455200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.521635115146637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.517356812953949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.396415650844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3292836546897888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25788283348083496}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8033017516136169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5335588455200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.521635115146637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.517356812953949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.396415650844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3292836546897888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25788283348083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3059676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2021.3059676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1822553393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52075452","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1192553058","https://openalex.org/W1557517019","https://openalex.org/W1642239575","https://openalex.org/W1910406352","https://openalex.org/W1964499187","https://openalex.org/W1983350566","https://openalex.org/W2000335122","https://openalex.org/W2003765655","https://openalex.org/W2014911069","https://openalex.org/W2020601365","https://openalex.org/W2022101685","https://openalex.org/W2026899723","https://openalex.org/W2026909280","https://openalex.org/W2042948469","https://openalex.org/W2046629893","https://openalex.org/W2051967707","https://openalex.org/W2083342173","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2117211893","https://openalex.org/W2134878956","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2145493798","https://openalex.org/W2146354794","https://openalex.org/W2167931729","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2325775534","https://openalex.org/W2530520848","https://openalex.org/W2532281363","https://openalex.org/W2537236083","https://openalex.org/W2568667779","https://openalex.org/W2758931569","https://openalex.org/W2762224837","https://openalex.org/W2762709466","https://openalex.org/W2770024602","https://openalex.org/W2783134749","https://openalex.org/W2793262237","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2991046523","https://openalex.org/W2992223242","https://openalex.org/W3043235078","https://openalex.org/W4297627396","https://openalex.org/W6771261610","https://openalex.org/W6771274123"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004173571","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W3019776739","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W2546638913","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2209816623","https://openalex.org/W2024136090"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"guided":[1],"vehicles":[2],"(AGVs)":[3],"are":[4,89],"considered":[5],"as":[6,84,91],"an":[7],"enabling":[8],"technology":[9,77],"to":[10,56,61,109,140],"realize":[11],"smart":[12],"manufacturing":[13,35],"in":[14,30,33,67,80,115,133],"the":[15,101,112,127,138,143,155,163],"upcoming":[16],"Industrial":[17],"4.0":[18,69],"era.":[19],"However,":[20],"several":[21],"challenges":[22],"including":[23],"efficiency,":[24,177],"timeliness,":[25,178],"and":[26,50,64,86,174,179],"safety":[27],"still":[28],"exist":[29],"AGVs":[31,85,116,136,171],"system":[32,76],"discrete":[34],"shopfloor.":[36],"To":[37],"address":[38],"these":[39],"challenges,":[40],"a":[41],"self-adaptive":[42,168],"traffic":[43,87,117,172],"control":[44,173],"model":[45,104,121,165],"combining":[46],"behavior":[47,102],"trees":[48],"(BTs)":[49],"reinforcement":[51],"learning":[52],"(RL)":[53],"is":[54,78,105,122],"proposed":[55,164],"implement":[57],"optimal":[58,144],"decisions":[59],"according":[60],"diverse,":[62],"dynamic":[63],"complex":[65],"situations":[66],"Industry":[68],"environments.":[70],"A":[71],"cyber-physical":[72],"systems":[73],"using":[74,130],"multiagent":[75],"designed":[79],"which":[81],"components":[82],"such":[83],"commander":[88],"defined":[90],"specific":[92],"agent":[93],"that":[94,162],"cooperates":[95],"autonomously":[96],"with":[97],"each":[98],"other.":[99],"Then,":[100],"construction":[103],"constructed":[106],"by":[107],"BTs":[108],"enumerate":[110],"all":[111],"possible":[113],"states":[114],"control.":[118],"An":[119],"RL":[120],"further":[123],"developed":[124],"based":[125],"on":[126],"BTs.":[128],"By":[129],"this":[131,134],"approach,":[132],"article,":[135],"have":[137],"ability":[139],"adaptively":[141],"choose":[142],"rule-based":[145],"strategy":[146],"from":[147],"existing":[148],"optional":[149],"strategies.":[150],"The":[151],"case":[152],"study":[153],"of":[154,170],"scenario":[156],"avoiding":[157],"collisions":[158],"at":[159],"intersections":[160],"illustrates":[161],"can":[166],"enhance":[167],"capability":[169],"simultaneously":[175],"guarantees":[176],"safety.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
