{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2991544738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2954334","title":"Distributed Q-Learning Aided Heterogeneous Network Association for Energy-Efficient IIoT","display_name":"Distributed Q-Learning Aided Heterogeneous Network Association for Energy-Efficient IIoT","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2991544738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2954334","mag":"2991544738"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2019.2954334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2954334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100426898","display_name":"Jingjing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-8952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005072193","display_name":"Chunxiao Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3703-121X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunxiao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Space Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Space Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069150556","display_name":"Kai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5086-5841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072643813","display_name":"Xiangwang Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9449-4854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangwang Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002346706","display_name":"Yong Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0312-9371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073527013","display_name":"Yi Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5671-916X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100426898"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.7571,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":131,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99288826,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"2756","last_page":"2764"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/femtocell","display_name":"Femtocell","score":0.7978525757789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7935841083526611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macrocell","display_name":"Macrocell","score":0.7902829647064209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.6550134420394897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5862480401992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5692692995071411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.49160534143447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.47659724950790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-architecture","display_name":"Network architecture","score":0.4576015770435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.265053927898407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.20237037539482117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.133111834526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11241832375526428}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152504517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572455","display_name":"Femtocell","level":3,"score":0.7978525757789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7935841083526611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778291847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163937","display_name":"Macrocell","level":3,"score":0.7902829647064209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.6550134420394897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5862480401992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5692692995071411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.49160534143447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.47659724950790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.4576015770435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.265053927898407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.20237037539482117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.133111834526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11241832375526428}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2019.2954334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2954334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4749481851","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Co/Co-20180605-47","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326497","funder_display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7357315541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61922050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326497","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557517019","https://openalex.org/W1969289004","https://openalex.org/W1973733407","https://openalex.org/W2033775444","https://openalex.org/W2034675976","https://openalex.org/W2038194220","https://openalex.org/W2086229459","https://openalex.org/W2118157880","https://openalex.org/W2125890412","https://openalex.org/W2472333518","https://openalex.org/W2597831797","https://openalex.org/W2603425044","https://openalex.org/W2605181596","https://openalex.org/W2663392010","https://openalex.org/W2740695986","https://openalex.org/W2742016487","https://openalex.org/W2896977747","https://openalex.org/W2897098321","https://openalex.org/W2912878843","https://openalex.org/W2945384854","https://openalex.org/W2963568889","https://openalex.org/W2963881846","https://openalex.org/W2963939962","https://openalex.org/W2967959654","https://openalex.org/W3103561649","https://openalex.org/W6758802246"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040311827","https://openalex.org/W2034139677","https://openalex.org/W2206637726","https://openalex.org/W1519632632","https://openalex.org/W2479641731","https://openalex.org/W2100031696","https://openalex.org/W2037001149","https://openalex.org/W15850631","https://openalex.org/W1987099914","https://openalex.org/W2727195659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"achieve":[1],"the":[2,45,72,80,88,98,131,146,181],"goal":[3],"of":[4,22,41,47,82,90,133,148,171,185],"\u201cIndustrial":[5],"4.0,\u201d":[6],"cellular":[7,28],"network":[8,29,36,62,74,96,99],"with":[9,94],"wide":[10,56],"coverage":[11],"has":[12],"gradually":[13],"become":[14],"an":[15],"intensely":[16],"important":[17],"carrier":[18],"for":[19,44,123],"industrial":[20],"Internet":[21],"Things":[23],"(IIoT).":[24],"The":[25],"fifth":[26],"generation":[27],"is":[30],"expected":[31],"to":[32,54,78],"be":[33,104],"a":[34,65,107,116],"unifying":[35],"that":[37],"may":[38],"connect":[39],"billions":[40],"IIoT":[42,50,92,102,126],"devices":[43,93],"sake":[46],"supporting":[48],"advanced":[49],"business.":[51],"In":[52,76,111],"order":[53,77],"realize":[55],"and":[57,153,158,164,168,183],"seamless":[58],"information":[59],"coverage,":[60],"heterogeneous":[61,125],"architecture":[63],"becomes":[64],"beneficial":[66],"method,":[67],"which":[68],"can":[69],"also":[70],"improve":[71],"near-ceiling":[73],"capacity.":[75],"guarantee":[79],"quality":[81],"service":[83],"(QoS)":[84],"as":[85,87],"well":[86],"fairness":[89],"different":[91,169],"limited":[95],"resources,":[97],"association":[100],"in":[101,106],"should":[103],"performed":[105],"more":[108],"intelligent":[109],"manner.":[110],"this":[112],"article,":[113],"we":[114,129],"propose":[115],"distributed":[117],"Q-learning":[118,188],"aided":[119],"power":[120,190],"allocation":[121,191],"algorithm":[122],"two-layer":[124],"networks.":[127],"Moreover,":[128],"discuss":[130],"spirit":[132],"designing":[134],"reward":[135,142],"functions,":[136],"followed":[137],"by":[138],"four":[139],"delicately":[140],"defined":[141],"functions":[143],"considering":[144],"both":[145,162],"QoS":[147],"femtocell":[149],"IoT":[150,155],"user":[151,156],"equipments":[152,157],"macrocell":[154],"their":[159],"fairness.":[160],"Also,":[161],"fixed":[163],"dynamic":[165],"learning":[166],"rates":[167],"kinds":[170],"multiagent":[172],"cooperation":[173],"modes":[174],"are":[175],"investigated.":[176],"Finally,":[177],"simulation":[178],"results":[179],"show":[180],"effectiveness":[182],"superiority":[184],"our":[186],"proposed":[187],"based":[189],"algorithm.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
