{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979430851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2946618","title":"Underwater Internet of Things in Smart Ocean: System Architecture and Open Issues","display_name":"Underwater Internet of Things in Smart Ocean: System Architecture and Open Issues","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979430851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2946618","mag":"2979430851"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2019.2946618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2946618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037428599","display_name":"Tie Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-2523"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tie Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108055754","display_name":"Zhao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-1143"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100378800","display_name":"Tong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7025-6365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111598130","display_name":"Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4971-5029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100643265","display_name":"C. L. Philip Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5451-7230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. L. Philip Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037428599"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":28.1322,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":354,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99914125,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"7","first_page":"4297","last_page":"4307"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.7560018301010132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.592261791229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5326627492904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5261684656143188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.48567235469818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.4740438461303711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-objects","display_name":"Smart objects","score":0.439230740070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.42795953154563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.38805216550827026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.34849464893341064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28612250089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.17903196811676025}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.7560018301010132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.592261791229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5326627492904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5261684656143188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.48567235469818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.4740438461303711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294986","display_name":"Smart objects","level":3,"score":0.439230740070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.42795953154563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.38805216550827026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.34849464893341064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28612250089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17903196811676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2019.2946618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2946618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6538997798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61672131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7843701004","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61571338","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322701","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":102,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W410940147","https://openalex.org/W1496645107","https://openalex.org/W1591370845","https://openalex.org/W1615423294","https://openalex.org/W1837982953","https://openalex.org/W1967282572","https://openalex.org/W1970667482","https://openalex.org/W1970821253","https://openalex.org/W1971354774","https://openalex.org/W1977299426","https://openalex.org/W1990171006","https://openalex.org/W1999236884","https://openalex.org/W2003047990","https://openalex.org/W2008221602","https://openalex.org/W2012993756","https://openalex.org/W2017453576","https://openalex.org/W2021855741","https://openalex.org/W2025791236","https://openalex.org/W2036098206","https://openalex.org/W2038596776","https://openalex.org/W2042385018","https://openalex.org/W2042572748","https://openalex.org/W2053416598","https://openalex.org/W2067632594","https://openalex.org/W2071805827","https://openalex.org/W2073851587","https://openalex.org/W2079211769","https://openalex.org/W2080637100","https://openalex.org/W2088189692","https://openalex.org/W2091581981","https://openalex.org/W2104261215","https://openalex.org/W2114623221","https://openalex.org/W2119627585","https://openalex.org/W2129879516","https://openalex.org/W2133509944","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2138750876","https://openalex.org/W2149472588","https://openalex.org/W2167582408","https://openalex.org/W2169636766","https://openalex.org/W2170558669","https://openalex.org/W2174106502","https://openalex.org/W2260109555","https://openalex.org/W2275530856","https://openalex.org/W2294532759","https://openalex.org/W2314135771","https://openalex.org/W2343835401","https://openalex.org/W2344578948","https://openalex.org/W2544188087","https://openalex.org/W2554469899","https://openalex.org/W2555144622","https://openalex.org/W2576515288","https://openalex.org/W2589552882","https://openalex.org/W2591450040","https://openalex.org/W2596636257","https://openalex.org/W2599557761","https://openalex.org/W2607000399","https://openalex.org/W2611962070","https://openalex.org/W2611984554","https://openalex.org/W2615692274","https://openalex.org/W2616734268","https://openalex.org/W2621285966","https://openalex.org/W2702883767","https://openalex.org/W2722392453","https://openalex.org/W2738226240","https://openalex.org/W2738951162","https://openalex.org/W2741151486","https://openalex.org/W2752051970","https://openalex.org/W2752595543","https://openalex.org/W2761825508","https://openalex.org/W2762387843","https://openalex.org/W2765509090","https://openalex.org/W2765614438","https://openalex.org/W2766196879","https://openalex.org/W2782557806","https://openalex.org/W2785533917","https://openalex.org/W2785985841","https://openalex.org/W2789151399","https://openalex.org/W2793241364","https://openalex.org/W2793521335","https://openalex.org/W2794574871","https://openalex.org/W2798839781","https://openalex.org/W2800109325","https://openalex.org/W2805209699","https://openalex.org/W2805413066","https://openalex.org/W2810692777","https://openalex.org/W2883839991","https://openalex.org/W2885997452","https://openalex.org/W2887888816","https://openalex.org/W2899051749","https://openalex.org/W2908816692","https://openalex.org/W2913008959","https://openalex.org/W2918086164","https://openalex.org/W2920200109","https://openalex.org/W2945828882","https://openalex.org/W2963523009","https://openalex.org/W2968706207","https://openalex.org/W2969445160","https://openalex.org/W6614172331","https://openalex.org/W6684787582","https://openalex.org/W6744168548","https://openalex.org/W6759940717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3081304190","https://openalex.org/W2477841276","https://openalex.org/W1989468614","https://openalex.org/W46613192","https://openalex.org/W4225540233","https://openalex.org/W2556643280","https://openalex.org/W2185568765","https://openalex.org/W2353494610","https://openalex.org/W4285703999","https://openalex.org/W3214188517"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,17,64],"development":[1],"of":[2,10,20,25,28,48,109,127,143],"the":[3,11,26,32,40,49,69,87,90,100,128,138,155,159],"smart":[4,41,77,107],"ocean":[5,12],"requires":[6],"that":[7,113],"various":[8],"features":[9],"be":[13],"explored":[14],"and":[15,61,82,116,149,158,170],"understood.":[16],"Underwater":[18],"Internet":[19,27],"Things":[21,29],"(UIoT),":[22],"an":[23,46],"extension":[24],"(IoT)":[30],"to":[31,94,104],"underwater":[33,75,79,83,111],"environment,":[34],"constitutes":[35],"powerful":[36],"technology":[37],"for":[38,98,137],"achieving":[39],"ocean.":[42],"This":[43,120],"article":[44,121],"provides":[45,123],"overview":[47,126],"UIoT":[50,65,91,161],"with":[51],"emphasis":[52],"on":[53],"current":[54,156],"advances,":[55],"future":[56,139,160],"system":[57,135],"architecture,":[58],"applications,":[59],"challenges,":[60],"open":[62],"issues.":[63],"is":[66,92],"enabled":[67],"by":[68],"most":[70],"recent":[71],"developments":[72],"in":[73,164],"autonomous":[74],"vehicles,":[76],"sensors,":[78],"communication":[80],"technologies,":[81],"routing":[84],"protocols.":[85],"In":[86],"coming":[88],"years,":[89],"expected":[93],"bridge":[95],"diverse":[96],"technologies":[97],"sensing":[99],"ocean,":[101],"allowing":[102],"it":[103],"become":[105],"a":[106,124,133,144],"network":[108],"interconnected":[110],"objects":[112],"has":[114],"self-learning":[115],"intelligent":[117],"computing":[118],"capabilities.":[119],"first":[122],"horizontal":[125],"UIoT.":[129],"Then,":[130],"we":[131,153],"present":[132],"five-layer":[134],"architecture":[136],"UIoT,":[140],"which":[141,165],"consists":[142],"sensing,":[145],"communication,":[146],"networking,":[147],"fusion,":[148],"application":[150],"layer.":[151],"Finally,":[152],"suggest":[154],"challenges":[157],"research":[162],"trends,":[163],"cloud":[166],"computing,":[167,169],"fog":[168],"artificial":[171],"intelligence":[172],"are":[173],"combined.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}