{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2975612534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2943913","title":"An Extension to the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) to Enable the Detection of Cyber Attacks","display_name":"An Extension to the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) to Enable the Detection of Cyber Attacks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2975612534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2943913","mag":"2975612534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2019.2943913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2943913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004787679","display_name":"Bassam Moussa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5076-8670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bassam Moussa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Security Research Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5076-8670","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Security Research Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075761726","display_name":"Marthe Kassouf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3007-2350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47099075","display_name":"Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec","ror":"https://ror.org/01nhzsw25","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marthe Kassouf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec Research Institute, Varennes, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3007-2350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec Research Institute, Varennes, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018765379","display_name":"Rachid Hadjidj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0577-1587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092050","display_name":"Ahmed Bin Mohammed Military College","ror":"https://ror.org/00c0xnf10","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092050"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachid Hadjidj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ahmed Bin Mohammed Military College, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ahmed Bin Mohammed Military College, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092050"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028605138","display_name":"Mourad Debbabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-3043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mourad Debbabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Security Research Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Security Research Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072393948","display_name":"Chadi Assi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3161-1846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chadi Assi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Security Research Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3161-1846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Security Research Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4635,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89520337,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"18","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7720929384231567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.721673309803009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.6118307113647461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5694108009338379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.42940133810043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.4218378961086273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4215097427368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.39313244819641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3352571129798889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3289985656738281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.13732412457466125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7720929384231567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.721673309803009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.6118307113647461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5694108009338379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.42940133810043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.4218378961086273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4215097427368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.39313244819641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3352571129798889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3289985656738281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.13732412457466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2019.2943913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2943913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000947342","https://openalex.org/W2051212315","https://openalex.org/W2051307107","https://openalex.org/W2054655187","https://openalex.org/W2112525087","https://openalex.org/W2119740108","https://openalex.org/W2125010780","https://openalex.org/W2130677190","https://openalex.org/W2136113035","https://openalex.org/W2171629073","https://openalex.org/W2344168286","https://openalex.org/W2525971815","https://openalex.org/W2564348914","https://openalex.org/W2737958103","https://openalex.org/W2752040793","https://openalex.org/W2765131619","https://openalex.org/W2772098481","https://openalex.org/W2779028997","https://openalex.org/W2963311349","https://openalex.org/W3092757230","https://openalex.org/W4293403140","https://openalex.org/W6663800834","https://openalex.org/W6676474364","https://openalex.org/W6727839246"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075768550","https://openalex.org/W3022218857","https://openalex.org/W2369178846","https://openalex.org/W2370289839","https://openalex.org/W2082716031","https://openalex.org/W2933494595","https://openalex.org/W4313347705","https://openalex.org/W1568049691","https://openalex.org/W1590096425","https://openalex.org/W2890485617"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,123],"precision":[1],"time":[2,19,99],"protocol":[3],"(PTP)":[4],"is":[5],"considered":[6],"as":[7],"one":[8],"of":[9,53,95],"the":[10,21,25,49,72,87,93,106,117],"most":[11],"favorable":[12],"mechanisms":[13],"for":[14],"providing":[15],"unified":[16],"and":[17,40,51,82,91,104],"precise":[18],"at":[20],"substation":[22],"level":[23],"in":[24,140],"smart":[26],"grid.":[27],"Nevertheless,":[28],"PTP":[29,65,73,88,98,130,138],"was":[30],"shown":[31],"to":[32,35,57,70],"be":[33],"vulnerable":[34],"cyber-attacks":[36],"targeting":[37],"its":[38],"components":[39,139],"synchronization":[41],"services.":[42],"In":[43,113],"this":[44],"article,":[45],"we":[46,115],"capitalize":[47],"on":[48,97],"theory":[50],"outcome":[52],"our":[54,127],"previous":[55],"work":[56],"contribute":[58],"a":[59,141],"more":[60],"complete":[61],"solution":[62],"that":[63,78,126],"addresses":[64],"cyber":[66,135],"security.":[67],"We":[68,101],"propose":[69],"close":[71],"loop":[74],"through":[75],"an":[76],"extension":[77,85,108,119],"introduces":[79],"new":[80],"functionality":[81],"messages.":[83],"This":[84],"covers":[86],"attack":[89],"surface":[90],"enables":[92],"detection":[94],"attacks":[96,136],"synchronization.":[100],"formally":[102],"model":[103,111],"verify":[105],"proposed":[107,118],"using":[109,120],"UPPAAL":[110],"checker.":[112],"addition,":[114],"validate":[116],"Omnet++":[121],"simulation.":[122],"evaluation":[124],"demonstrates":[125],"approach":[128],"preserves":[129],"functionality,":[131],"while":[132],"successfully":[133],"detecting":[134],"against":[137],"timely":[142],"manner.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}