{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162294459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3696571","title":"Stealth in Motion: A Doppler Shift-Induced Secret Key for Securing Air\u2013Ground Communications","display_name":"Stealth in Motion: A Doppler Shift-Induced Secret Key for Securing Air\u2013Ground Communications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162294459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3696571"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2026.3696571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3696571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042649772","display_name":"Qubeijian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6768-3016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qubeijian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6768-3016","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136908978","display_name":"Shaojie Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaojie Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032266950","display_name":"Wen Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7086-4910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7086-4910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136945701","display_name":"Wei Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6738-4297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6738-4297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100677475","display_name":"Yalin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7266-7304"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yalin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2870-4598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072659343","display_name":"Hong\u2010Ning Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6165-4196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong-Ning Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6165-4196","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136963719","display_name":"Zheng Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9697-2108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9697-2108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5858463,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"5848","last_page":"5863"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.289000004529953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.289000004529953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.1168999969959259,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.11270000040531158,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6588000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.26190000772476196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6588000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2026.3696571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3696571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3045756018","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402391","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G377012768","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"D5000250275","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7251765679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272391","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"evolution":[2],"of":[3,22,53,179,205],"unmanned":[4],"aerial":[5],"vehicles":[6],"(UAVs)":[7],"has":[8],"positioned":[9],"air-ground":[10,23,106,211],"networks":[11,24],"as":[12,138],"vital":[13],"infrastructures":[14],"for":[15,209],"diverse":[16],"applications.":[17],"However,":[18],"the":[19,50,136,177,193,202,206],"open":[20],"channels":[21],"remain":[25],"inherently":[26],"vulnerable":[27],"to":[28,46,77,87,94,130,153],"persistent":[29],"eavesdropping":[30],"threats.":[31],"While":[32],"physical-layer":[33],"key":[34,78,91,117,169,187],"generation":[35,92,118,172,190],"(PLKG)":[36],"offers":[37],"a":[38,56,114,139,145],"lightweight":[39],"security":[40,67],"mechanism":[41],"by":[42],"leveraging":[43],"channel":[44,60,74,96],"reciprocity":[45,165],"extract":[47],"shared":[48],"secrets,":[49],"inherent":[51],"mobility":[52],"UAVs":[54],"introduces":[55],"paradoxical":[57],"tradeoff.":[58],"Increased":[59],"randomness":[61],"from":[62],"dynamic":[63],"flight":[64],"patterns":[65],"enhances":[66],"through":[68,126],"entropy":[69,170],"amplification":[70],"but":[71],"simultaneously":[72],"disrupts":[73],"reciprocity,":[75],"leading":[76],"mismatch":[79],"between":[80],"legitimate":[81],"parties.":[82],"Existing":[83],"PLKG":[84],"schemes":[85],"struggle":[86],"maintain":[88],"reliability":[89],"in":[90,105,184],"due":[93],"static":[95],"characteristics":[97],"and":[98,158,171,189],"synchronization":[99],"overhead,":[100],"limiting":[101],"their":[102],"practical":[103,203],"deployment":[104],"networks.":[107],"To":[108],"resolve":[109],"this":[110],"conflict,":[111],"we":[112,143],"propose":[113],"Doppler":[115,124,163],"shift":[116,164],"(DSKG)":[119],"scheme":[120,181,208],"that":[121],"systematically":[122],"regulates":[123],"shifts":[125],"UAV":[127,156],"trajectory":[128],"design":[129],"derive":[131],"secure":[132],"keys.":[133],"By":[134],"formulating":[135],"problem":[137],"Markov":[140],"decision":[141],"process,":[142],"develop":[144],"proximal":[146],"policy":[147],"optimization":[148],"(PPO)-clip-based":[149],"reinforcement":[150],"learning":[151],"algorithm":[152],"dynamically":[154],"control":[155],"speed":[157],"steering":[159],"angle,":[160],"ensuring":[161],"robust":[162],"while":[166],"maximizing":[167],"both":[168],"rate.":[173],"Experimental":[174],"results":[175],"quantify":[176],"improvements":[178],"our":[180],"over":[182],"benchmarks":[183],"maintaining":[185],"high":[186],"unpredictability":[188],"efficiency.":[191],"Furthermore,":[192],"analysis":[194],"provides":[195],"valuable":[196],"insights":[197],"into":[198],"parameter":[199],"impacts,":[200],"confirming":[201],"viability":[204],"DSKG":[207],"securing":[210],"communications.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-30T06:16:30.551410","created_date":"2026-05-26T00:00:00"}
