{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126055253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3659003","title":"A Novel Quantum-Based Mutual Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Smart Grid","display_name":"A Novel Quantum-Based Mutual Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Smart Grid","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126055253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3659003"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2026.3659003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3659003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124291861","display_name":"Xiaoping Lou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130607311","display_name":"Changsha Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sqk3z62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoping Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7184-9296","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888","https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zidong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9576-7401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zidong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9576-7401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.9395,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98778995,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"2061","last_page":"2075"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.17599999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.17599999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.1589999943971634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.08579999953508377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6507999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-authentication","display_name":"Mutual authentication","score":0.6327999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.5195000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.4902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4733000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-agreement-protocol","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-management","display_name":"Key management","score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.41290000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8108000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6507999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781221063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6944186","display_name":"Mutual authentication","level":3,"score":0.6327999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.5195000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.4902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4733000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135530808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306713","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","level":5,"score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17886624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320561","display_name":"Key management","level":3,"score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5320026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information science","level":4,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70429105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249999","display_name":"Grid computing","level":3,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2026.3659003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3659003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967760428","https://openalex.org/W2095677682","https://openalex.org/W2096210558","https://openalex.org/W2165970106","https://openalex.org/W2279729589","https://openalex.org/W2517336287","https://openalex.org/W2789827290","https://openalex.org/W2948140566","https://openalex.org/W2966675154","https://openalex.org/W2973885157","https://openalex.org/W3003246622","https://openalex.org/W3013171253","https://openalex.org/W3030363216","https://openalex.org/W3207818884","https://openalex.org/W4205190807","https://openalex.org/W4213354186","https://openalex.org/W4220941807","https://openalex.org/W4221011209","https://openalex.org/W4226194693","https://openalex.org/W4283259093","https://openalex.org/W4288077890","https://openalex.org/W4289821470","https://openalex.org/W4292259909","https://openalex.org/W4293812013","https://openalex.org/W4295014554","https://openalex.org/W4306916608","https://openalex.org/W4312266330","https://openalex.org/W4367663152","https://openalex.org/W4380986181","https://openalex.org/W4382242981","https://openalex.org/W4385453656","https://openalex.org/W4386634165","https://openalex.org/W4387005959","https://openalex.org/W4387737468","https://openalex.org/W4388709679","https://openalex.org/W4389428727","https://openalex.org/W4390577968","https://openalex.org/W4391235298","https://openalex.org/W4392405738","https://openalex.org/W4392932100","https://openalex.org/W4393140444","https://openalex.org/W4394011502","https://openalex.org/W4399526012","https://openalex.org/W4399563049","https://openalex.org/W4400250945","https://openalex.org/W4400315214","https://openalex.org/W4400489440","https://openalex.org/W4400679725","https://openalex.org/W4401070437","https://openalex.org/W4404454431","https://openalex.org/W4405262032","https://openalex.org/W4405734138","https://openalex.org/W4406108860","https://openalex.org/W4407557465","https://openalex.org/W4407732841","https://openalex.org/W4408834373","https://openalex.org/W4410226541","https://openalex.org/W4411779268","https://openalex.org/W4414338328","https://openalex.org/W4414361596"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,41,116],"key":[1,30,51,143],"management":[2,144],"faces":[3],"significant":[4],"challenges":[5,22],"in":[6,14,148,170],"terms":[7],"of":[8,74,97,167],"efficiency,":[9,145],"scalability,":[10],"and":[11,29,45,85,108,122,135,152,158],"quantum":[12,44,81,120,150],"resistance":[13],"smart":[15,67,173],"grid":[16,68,174],"environments.":[17],"This":[18],"paper":[19],"addresses":[20],"these":[21],"by":[23],"proposing":[24],"a":[25,71,94],"novel":[26],"mutual":[27,61],"authentication":[28,63],"agreement":[31,52],"(AKA)":[32],"protocol":[33,42,169],"for":[34,100],"the":[35,57,91,165,168],"Noisy":[36],"Intermediate-Scale":[37],"Quantum":[38],"(NISQ)":[39],"era.":[40],"integrates":[43],"classical":[46,112],"information":[47],"streams,":[48],"enabling":[49],"secure":[50],"without":[53],"third-party":[54],"reliance.":[55],"For":[56],"first":[58],"time,":[59],"quantum-based":[60],"identity":[62],"is":[64],"applied":[65],"to":[66,111,129,133],"security,":[69],"with":[70],"comprehensive":[72],"analysis":[73,157],"resilience":[75],"against":[76],"various":[77],"attacks,":[78],"including":[79],"man-in-the-middle,":[80],"computation,":[82],"relay,":[83],"impersonation,":[84],"DoS.":[86],"Experimental":[87],"results":[88],"show":[89],"that":[90],"scheme":[92,117],"achieves":[93],"communication":[95],"cost":[96],"0.9":[98],"KB":[99],"2":[101,119],"rounds,":[102],"outperforming":[103],"quantum-resistant":[104,130],"schemes":[105,113],"(2.5":[106],"KB)":[107],"performing":[109],"similarly":[110],"(1.2":[114],"KB).":[115],"requires":[118],"preparations":[121],"1":[123],"measurement,":[124],"offering":[125],"higher":[126],"efficiency":[127],"compared":[128],"methods.":[131],"Compared":[132],"QKD":[134],"computational":[136],"hardness-based":[137],"models,":[138],"our":[139],"approach":[140],"provides":[141],"superior":[142],"practical":[146],"implementation":[147],"non-fault-tolerant":[149],"systems,":[151],"enhanced":[153],"security":[154,175],"protection.":[155],"Rigorous":[156],"validation":[159],"using":[160],"IBM\u2019s":[161],"quantum-enabled":[162],"environments":[163],"demonstrate":[164],"robustness":[166],"addressing":[171],"modern":[172],"challenges.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-01-30T00:00:00"}
