{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124136048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3654397","title":"ProSan: Utility-Based Prompt Privacy Sanitizer","display_name":"ProSan: Utility-Based Prompt Privacy Sanitizer","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124136048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3654397"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2026.3654397","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3654397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101315400","display_name":"Zhili Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhili Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100312091","display_name":"Zihang Xi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihang Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100509612","display_name":"Yiran He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3949-4162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying He","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004980983","display_name":"Wei Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3157-4774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123046210","display_name":"Jingyu Hua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyu Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108243981","display_name":"Sheng Zhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101315400"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11757823,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"1198","last_page":"1212"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.14790000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.14790000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.1168999969959259,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.07209999859333038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5684000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-software","display_name":"Privacy software","score":0.5485000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.5157999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-sensitivity","display_name":"Information sensitivity","score":0.4828999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4814999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-protection","display_name":"Privacy protection","score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.37470000982284546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8804000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5695000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5684000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509729295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246032","display_name":"Privacy software","level":3,"score":0.5485000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.5157999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.4828999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4814999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017597292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25052250","display_name":"Privacy protection","level":2,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.36880001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193934123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246028","display_name":"Privacy by Design","level":3,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102938260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831","display_name":"Privacy policy","level":3,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2026.3654397","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3654397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W145956381","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2949387767","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2966735522","https://openalex.org/W2989743967","https://openalex.org/W2998378988","https://openalex.org/W3003815046","https://openalex.org/W3045013345","https://openalex.org/W3046764764","https://openalex.org/W3096738375","https://openalex.org/W3154479671","https://openalex.org/W3162922479","https://openalex.org/W3173528555","https://openalex.org/W3210311339","https://openalex.org/W4226136925","https://openalex.org/W4285143763","https://openalex.org/W4287887992","https://openalex.org/W4367047191","https://openalex.org/W4381432202","https://openalex.org/W4385570555","https://openalex.org/W4386755323","https://openalex.org/W4389518968","https://openalex.org/W4389520233","https://openalex.org/W4389520457","https://openalex.org/W4389523957","https://openalex.org/W4391661419","https://openalex.org/W4392449489","https://openalex.org/W4394994989","https://openalex.org/W4402302904","https://openalex.org/W4402672093","https://openalex.org/W4405812492","https://openalex.org/W4408323445","https://openalex.org/W4411119614","https://openalex.org/W4412888133","https://openalex.org/W4416034864"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"widespread":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,117,125,132],"online":[4,52,94],"Large":[5],"Language":[6],"Models":[7],"(LLMs)":[8],"raises":[9],"considerable":[10],"privacy":[11,71,78,122,140],"concerns,":[12],"as":[13],"prompts":[14,75],"may":[15],"inadvertently":[16],"contain":[17],"sensitive":[18,152],"information":[19,153],"exposed":[20],"to":[21,134],"LLM":[22,54,95],"service":[23,96],"providers.":[24],"Limited":[25],"by":[26],"high":[27,100],"computational":[28,136],"costs,":[29],"reduced":[30],"response":[31],"utility,":[32],"and":[33,45,84,102,111,120,162],"excessive":[34],"system":[35],"modifications,":[36],"previous":[37],"works":[38],"based":[39,113],"on":[40,114],"local":[41],"deployment,":[42],"embedding":[43],"perturbation,":[44],"homomorphic":[46],"encryption":[47],"are":[48],"not":[49],"feasible":[50],"for":[51,69,142],"prompt-based":[53],"services.":[55],"To":[56,98],"address":[57],"these":[58],"issues,":[59],"we":[60],"introduce":[61],"ProSan":[62,105,129,149],"(Prompt":[63],"Privacy":[64],"Sanitizer),":[65],"an":[66],"end-to-end":[67],"method":[68],"prompt":[70],"protection":[72,109,141],"that":[73,148],"generates":[74],"with":[76,165],"task-irrelevant":[77],"removed,":[79],"while":[80],"preserving":[81],"both":[82],"utility":[83,101],"readability.":[85],"It":[86],"can":[87],"also":[88],"be":[89],"seamlessly":[90],"integrated":[91],"into":[92],"the":[93,115,118,121,126],"pipeline.":[97],"achieve":[99],"contextual":[103],"privacy,":[104],"flexibly":[106],"adjusts":[107],"its":[108],"targets":[110],"strength":[112],"importance":[116],"words":[119],"leakage":[123],"risk":[124],"prompts.":[127],"Additionally,":[128],"is":[130],"capable":[131],"adapting":[133],"diverse":[135],"resource":[137],"conditions,":[138],"ensuring":[139],"low-resource":[143],"users.":[144],"Our":[145],"experiments":[146],"demonstrate":[147],"effectively":[150],"removes":[151],"across":[154],"various":[155],"tasks,":[156],"including":[157],"question":[158],"answering,":[159],"text":[160],"summarization,":[161],"code":[163],"generation,":[164],"minimal":[166],"reduction":[167],"in":[168],"task":[169],"performance.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}