{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117156205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3648188","title":"Alkaid: Accelerating Three-Party Boolean Circuits by Mixing Correlations and Redundancy","display_name":"Alkaid: Accelerating Three-Party Boolean Circuits by Mixing Correlations and Redundancy","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117156205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3648188"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3648188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3648188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121180421","display_name":"Ye Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ye Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121237208","display_name":"Xudong Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xudong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Information Engineering, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Information Engineering, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021399321","display_name":"Xiangfu Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9927-0534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangfu Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091387165","display_name":"Yaxi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5934-0267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaxi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121140074","display_name":"Wen-jie Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59093436","display_name":"Trinity Theological College","ror":"https://ror.org/04wz0k923","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59093436"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Jie Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["TikTok Inc., Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TikTok Inc., Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59093436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101591101","display_name":"Tianwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6595-6650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030892340","display_name":"Jianying Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianying Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073301792","display_name":"Jin-song Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin-Song Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121180421"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6592792,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"640","last_page":"654"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.26809999346733093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.26809999346733093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.2567000091075897,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.18070000410079956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-circuit","display_name":"Boolean circuit","score":0.7813000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-function","display_name":"Boolean function","score":0.614300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.5648999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circuit-minimization-for-boolean-functions","display_name":"Circuit minimization for Boolean functions","score":0.5236999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/and-inverter-graph","display_name":"And-inverter graph","score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adder","display_name":"Adder","score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.3903999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixing","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","score":0.3797999918460846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7961999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141796577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837479","display_name":"Boolean circuit","level":3,"score":0.7813000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187455244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942353","display_name":"Boolean function","level":2,"score":0.614300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5648999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94992772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6667469","display_name":"Circuit minimization for Boolean functions","level":4,"score":0.5236999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5123000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196836630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4753279","display_name":"And-inverter graph","level":4,"score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164620267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376953","display_name":"Adder","level":3,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.3903999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138777275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158465420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1979515","display_name":"Boolean expression","level":3,"score":0.35690000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14580979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876049","display_name":"Very-large-scale integration","level":2,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157922185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173198","display_name":"Logic synthesis","level":3,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90702460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055112","display_name":"Circuit complexity","level":3,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9429942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781698","display_name":"Product term","level":5,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126980161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863783","display_name":"Simulated annealing","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68481662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176197","display_name":"Standard Boolean model","level":5,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187075797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173245","display_name":"Sequential logic","level":3,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54732982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415345","display_name":"Modulo","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3648188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3648188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/212336","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/212336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20180677","https://openalex.org/W121345474","https://openalex.org/W780859780","https://openalex.org/W1485800369","https://openalex.org/W1556155774","https://openalex.org/W1582324226","https://openalex.org/W1635361314","https://openalex.org/W1826277484","https://openalex.org/W1917787295","https://openalex.org/W2008196645","https://openalex.org/W2027471022","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2088492763","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2141420453","https://openalex.org/W2153331684","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2402235285","https://openalex.org/W2533357737","https://openalex.org/W2536058570","https://openalex.org/W2613268395","https://openalex.org/W2614104334","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2947456252","https://openalex.org/W2951626733","https://openalex.org/W2984746198","https://openalex.org/W2990762906","https://openalex.org/W3008381581","https://openalex.org/W3030382486","https://openalex.org/W3043831752","https://openalex.org/W3108146280","https://openalex.org/W3108672920","https://openalex.org/W3141585064","https://openalex.org/W3155184874","https://openalex.org/W3214260160","https://openalex.org/W4293783482","https://openalex.org/W4295308511","https://openalex.org/W4367047526","https://openalex.org/W4376626874","https://openalex.org/W4378527334","https://openalex.org/W4385080493","https://openalex.org/W4385522546","https://openalex.org/W4389279199","https://openalex.org/W4399657364","https://openalex.org/W4400382079","https://openalex.org/W4402264258","https://openalex.org/W4405181743","https://openalex.org/W4408566446"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Secure":[0],"three-party":[1],"computation":[2,15],"(3PC)":[3],"with":[4,155,181,240],"semi-honest":[5],"security":[6],"under":[7],"an":[8],"honest":[9],"majority":[10],"offers":[11],"notable":[12],"efficiency":[13,88,199,232],"in":[14,43,69,178,204],"and":[16,31,52,115,134,174,184,210,226,237],"communication;":[17],"for":[18,27,33,65,104,125,152,186,234],"Boolean":[19,105],"circuits,":[20],"each":[21],"party":[22],"sends":[23],"a":[24,39,99,119,148],"single":[25],"bit":[26],"every":[28],"AND":[29,51,79,110,150,165],"gate,":[30],"nothing":[32],"XOR.":[34],"However,":[35],"round":[36,56],"complexity":[37],"remains":[38],"significant":[40],"challenge,":[41],"especially":[42],"high-latency":[44],"networks.":[45],"Some":[46],"works":[47],"can":[48],"support":[49],"multi-input":[50,82,109,164],"thereby":[53],"reduce":[54],"online":[55,73],"complexity,":[57],"but":[58],"they":[59],"require":[60],"<italic":[61,129,156],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[62,130,157],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">exponential</i>":[63],"communication":[64],"generating":[66],"the":[67,78,136,140,162,198,219],"correlations":[68,114],"either":[70],"preprocessing":[71,141],"or":[72,242],"phase.":[74,142],"How":[75],"to":[76,81,139,196,216],"extend":[77],"gate":[80],"while":[83],"maintaining":[84],"high":[85],"correlation":[86,122,137],"generation":[87,123,138],"is":[89],"still":[90],"not":[91],"solved.":[92],"To":[93],"address":[94],"this":[95],"problem,":[96],"we":[97,117,146,167],"propose":[98,118],"round-efficient":[100,149],"3PC":[101],"framework":[102],"ALKAID":[103,209,229],"circuits":[106],"through":[107],"improved":[108,163],"gate.":[111],"By":[112],"mixing":[113],"redundancy,":[116],"concretely":[120],"efficient":[121],"approach":[124],"small":[126],"input":[127],"bits":[128],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">N</i>":[131,158],"<":[132],"4":[133],"shift":[135],"Building":[143],"on":[144],"this,":[145],"create":[147],"protocol":[151],"general":[153],"cases":[154],">":[159],"4.":[160],"Exploiting":[161],"gates,":[166],"design":[168],"fast":[169],"depth-optimized":[170],"parallel":[171],"prefix":[172],"adder":[173],"share":[175],"conversion":[176],"primitives":[177,195,236],"3PC,":[179],"achieved":[180],"new":[182],"techniques":[183],"optimizations":[185],"better":[187,241],"concrete":[188],"efficiency.":[189],"We":[190,207],"further":[191],"apply":[192],"these":[193],"optimized":[194],"enhance":[197],"of":[200,218],"secure":[201],"non-linear":[202,238],"functions":[203],"machine":[205],"learning.":[206],"implement":[208],"extensively":[211],"evaluate":[212],"its":[213],"performance.":[214],"Compared":[215],"state":[217],"arts":[220],"like":[221],"ABY3":[222],"(CCS\u20192018),":[223],"Trifecta":[224],"(PoPETs\u20192023),":[225],"METEOR":[227],"(WWW\u20192023),":[228],"enjoys":[230],"1.5\u00d7\u20132.5\u00d7":[231],"improvements":[233],"boolean":[235],"functions,":[239],"comparable":[243],"communication.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T08:04:53.788161","created_date":"2025-12-24T00:00:00"}