{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417508816","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3646480","title":"XAI for Fraud Detection: An Attention-Based Ensemble of CNNs, GNNs, and Confidence-Driven Gating for Reliable Decision-Making","display_name":"XAI for Fraud Detection: An Attention-Based Ensemble of CNNs, GNNs, and Confidence-Driven Gating for Reliable Decision-Making","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417508816","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3646480"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3646480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3646480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094262060","display_name":"Mehdi Hosseini Chagahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1781-1637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23946033","display_name":"University of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf56z40","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Hosseini Chagahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1781-1637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120863704","display_name":"Abolfazl Yekaneh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23946033","display_name":"University of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf56z40","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abolfazl Yekaneh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","College of Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038793288","display_name":"Saeed Mohammadi Dashtaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8363-9486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23946033","display_name":"University of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf56z40","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Mohammadi Dashtaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8363-9486","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073252452","display_name":"Behzad Moshiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8390-4093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23946033","display_name":"University of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf56z40","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Behzad Moshiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8390-4093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047578139","display_name":"Md. Jalil Piran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3229-6785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Jalil Piran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3229-6785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20652454,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"347","last_page":"356"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9327999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9327999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11653","display_name":"Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Prediction","score":0.04340000078082085,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-card-fraud","display_name":"Credit card fraud","score":0.5975000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.5967000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5782999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.5116999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5015000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.44850000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gating","display_name":"Gating","score":0.4253999888896942}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8877000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780747020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83873","display_name":"Credit card fraud","level":4,"score":0.5975000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.5967000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5782999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5228000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.5116999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5015000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44850000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194544171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21105679","display_name":"Gating","level":2,"score":0.4253999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983355114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161380","display_name":"Credit card","level":3,"score":0.2590000033378601}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3646480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3646480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055879680","https://openalex.org/W2290679721","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W3000120900","https://openalex.org/W3009006131","https://openalex.org/W3115764869","https://openalex.org/W3123345100","https://openalex.org/W3172772352","https://openalex.org/W4205695064","https://openalex.org/W4225627404","https://openalex.org/W4285263436","https://openalex.org/W4320801504","https://openalex.org/W4323519534","https://openalex.org/W4386232244","https://openalex.org/W4388099759","https://openalex.org/W4389633671","https://openalex.org/W4390547231","https://openalex.org/W4391048150","https://openalex.org/W4391341143","https://openalex.org/W4391574690","https://openalex.org/W4391774404","https://openalex.org/W4392617925","https://openalex.org/W4393238008","https://openalex.org/W4396521123","https://openalex.org/W4400524829","https://openalex.org/W4400648127","https://openalex.org/W4401437458","https://openalex.org/W4404024016","https://openalex.org/W4405718321","https://openalex.org/W4406353550","https://openalex.org/W4408398727","https://openalex.org/W4409473838","https://openalex.org/W4413925592"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"challenge":[1],"of":[2,54,76,143,174],"fraud":[3,37,170,178],"detection,":[4],"especially":[5],"in":[6,153,180],"credit":[7],"card":[8],"transactions,":[9],"continues":[10],"to":[11,16,35,176],"grow":[12],"as":[13],"fraudsters":[14],"adapt":[15],"increasingly":[17],"sophisticated":[18],"tactics.":[19],"Traditional":[20],"methods,":[21],"including":[22],"rule-based":[23],"systems,":[24,172],"are":[25],"often":[26],"limited":[27],"by":[28],"high":[29],"false":[30],"positives":[31],"and":[32,67,94,103,149,156,168],"poor":[33],"adaptability":[34],"new":[36],"patterns.":[38],"This":[39,160],"study":[40],"introduces":[41],"a":[42],"cutting-edge":[43],"approach":[44],"using":[45],"an":[46],"attention-based":[47],"ensemble":[48,151],"framework":[49],"that":[50],"synergizes":[51],"the":[52,87,110,125,140,163],"strengths":[53],"convolutional":[55],"neural":[56,60,64],"networks":[57,61,65],"(CNNs),":[58],"graph":[59],"(GNNs),":[62],"recurrent":[63],"(RNNs),":[66],"long":[68],"short-term":[69],"memory":[70],"(LSTM)":[71],"models.":[72],"A":[73],"key":[74],"innovation":[75],"this":[77,144],"model":[78,111],"is":[79],"its":[80],"confidence-driven":[81],"gating":[82],"mechanism,":[83],"which":[84],"dynamically":[85],"combines":[86],"most":[88,126],"reliable":[89,167],"prediction,":[90],"ensuring":[91],"both":[92,154],"accuracy":[93],"transparency.":[95],"By":[96],"incorporating":[97],"dependent":[98],"ordered":[99,105],"weighted":[100,106],"averaging":[101,107],"(DOWA)":[102],"induced":[104],"(IOWA)":[108],"operators,":[109],"effectively":[112],"integrates":[113],"outputs":[114],"from":[115],"various":[116],"classifiers,":[117],"improving":[118],"robustness.":[119],"Additionally,":[120],"SHAP-based":[121],"feature":[122],"selection":[123],"reveals":[124],"influential":[127],"variables,":[128],"providing":[129],"deeper":[130],"interpretability.":[131],"Extensive":[132],"evaluations":[133],"across":[134],"three":[135],"diverse":[136],"benchmark":[137],"datasets":[138],"demonstrate":[139],"superior":[141],"performance":[142],"framework,":[145],"surpassing":[146],"individual":[147],"classifiers":[148],"existing":[150],"models":[152],"balanced":[155],"highly":[157],"imbalanced":[158],"settings.":[159],"research":[161],"paves":[162],"way":[164],"for":[165],"more":[166],"transparent":[169],"detection":[171],"capable":[173],"adapting":[175],"evolving":[177],"tactics":[179],"real-world":[181],"financial":[182],"environments.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-08T20:05:33.558190","created_date":"2025-12-19T00:00:00"}