{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416331685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3633146","title":"<i>SDB</i> : Scalable Blockchain Database via Searchable Encryption and Cross-Shard Mechanism","display_name":"<i>SDB</i> : Scalable Blockchain Database via Searchable Encryption and Cross-Shard Mechanism","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416331685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3633146"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3633146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3633146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045961243","display_name":"Kaiye Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaiye Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macau, China","Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5556-7256","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102012630","display_name":"Xia Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3677-6823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security (School of Cryptography), Hainan University, Haikou, China","Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3677-6823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security (School of Cryptography), Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenli Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8718-9595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenli Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security (School of Cryptography), Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8718-9595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security (School of Cryptography), Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002023703","display_name":"Pujie Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5246-3459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pujie Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5246-3459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062494507","display_name":"Zhiquan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-2177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiquan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-2177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045961243"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1802489,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":"12260","last_page":"12274"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.6625999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.6625999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.22450000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.023800000548362732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.8342000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7651000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-optimization","display_name":"Query optimization","score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-database","display_name":"Distributed database","score":0.33219999074935913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.8342000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7651000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.5138000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157692150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2919848","display_name":"Query optimization","level":2,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70061542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989016","display_name":"Distributed database","level":2,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54239708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329910","display_name":"View","level":3,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227230","display_name":"Data access","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192939062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104840822","display_name":"Sargable","level":4,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3633146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3633146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3932209963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24A20238","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5350274905","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054701320","https://openalex.org/W2093175219","https://openalex.org/W2147929033","https://openalex.org/W2152516507","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2767329275","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2971147021","https://openalex.org/W2982468232","https://openalex.org/W3032330964","https://openalex.org/W3080941383","https://openalex.org/W3082780125","https://openalex.org/W3090784855","https://openalex.org/W3101803561","https://openalex.org/W3103740122","https://openalex.org/W3125826426","https://openalex.org/W3132582606","https://openalex.org/W3158482781","https://openalex.org/W4210440467","https://openalex.org/W4226244194","https://openalex.org/W4226450756","https://openalex.org/W4283215940","https://openalex.org/W4285179693","https://openalex.org/W4292230185","https://openalex.org/W4307139962","https://openalex.org/W4375928385","https://openalex.org/W4391542833","https://openalex.org/W4403278104","https://openalex.org/W4408896256","https://openalex.org/W4409149805","https://openalex.org/W4411122627","https://openalex.org/W4412499960"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"database":[1,194],"has":[2],"been":[3],"widely":[4],"applied":[5],"in":[6,34,40,52,62,162],"various":[7],"fields,":[8],"providing":[9],"a":[10,83,101,131,151],"secure":[11],"architecture":[12],"for":[13,143],"data":[14,51,56,145],"storage":[15],"and":[16,31,70,111,146,168,182,187],"sharing.":[17],"In":[18],"blockchain":[19,96,193],"databases,":[20],"the":[21,28,35,76,93,124,157,166],"use":[22],"of":[23,95],"sharding":[24,53,89,103],"technology":[25,90],"can":[26],"enhance":[27,92],"system\u2019s":[29],"scalability":[30,94],"improve":[32],"transactions":[33],"network":[36],"to":[37,48,58,67,91],"be":[38],"processed":[39],"parallel.":[41],"However,":[42],"when":[43],"applying":[44],"searchable":[45,86],"encryption":[46,87],"techniques":[47],"query":[49,133,153,159,180],"encrypted":[50,137,144,163],"blockchains,":[54],"frequent":[55],"access":[57],"different":[59],"shards":[60],"results":[61],"uneven":[63],"load":[64,125],"distribution,":[65],"leading":[66],"hotspot":[68],"issues":[69],"reducing":[71],"system":[72],"efficiency.":[73],"To":[74],"tackle":[75],"challenge,":[77],"we":[78,99,129],"present":[79,130],"<italic":[80,171],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[81,172],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">SDB</i>,":[82],"scheme":[84],"integrating":[85],"with":[88,178],"databases.":[97],"Firstly,":[98],"introduce":[100],"two-stage":[102],"mechanism.":[104],"It":[105],"performs":[106],"pre-sharding":[107],"based":[108,135],"on":[109,136],"keywords,":[110],"then":[112],"implements":[113],"fine-grained":[114],"dynamic":[115],"adjustments":[116],"through":[117],"improved":[118],"jump":[119],"consistent":[120],"hashing,":[121],"effectively":[122],"resolving":[123],"imbalance":[126],"problem.":[127],"Secondly,":[128],"cross-shard":[132,158,176],"strategy":[134],"indexes,":[138],"which":[139],"constructs":[140],"verifiable":[141],"indexes":[142],"converts":[147],"user":[148],"queries":[149,177],"into":[150],"multiway":[152],"tree.":[154],"This":[155],"addresses":[156],"optimization":[160],"problem":[161],"environments.":[164],"Under":[165],"experiment":[167],"security":[169],"analysis,":[170],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">SDB</i>":[173],"achieves":[174],"efficient":[175],"higher":[179,189],"performance":[181],"throughput,":[183],"at":[184],"least":[185],"30%":[186],"20%":[188],"than":[190],"state-of-the-art":[191],"scalable":[192],"schemes.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-28T11:25:57.969163","created_date":"2025-11-14T00:00:00"}