{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413104898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3597552","title":"Mitigating Voice Assistant Eavesdropping via Event Source Review on Mobile Devices","display_name":"Mitigating Voice Assistant Eavesdropping via Event Source Review on Mobile Devices","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413104898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3597552"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3597552","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3597552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004290483","display_name":"Wenbin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7309-2426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7309-2426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015419107","display_name":"Ju Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2782-183X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2782-183X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013699453","display_name":"Hangcheng Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-8576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hangcheng Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-8576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046261606","display_name":"Hanyuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6448-1163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanyuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Digital Media and Entertainment Group, Hangzhou, China","Alibaba Digital Media & Entertainment Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Digital Media and Entertainment Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Digital Media & Entertainment Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061448582","display_name":"Hongbo Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-2539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-2539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066341740","display_name":"Zhangjie Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4363-2521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangjie Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4363-2521","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0534,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94250293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":"9164","last_page":"9179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.958899974822998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.958899974822998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9485999941825867,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.873408317565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8426226377487183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.5309702157974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-telephony","display_name":"Mobile telephony","score":0.4877520203590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-computing","display_name":"Mobile computing","score":0.41031548380851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3861626386642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.36656761169433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3605983257293701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-radio","display_name":"Mobile radio","score":0.3264790177345276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.292399525642395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.873408317565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8426226377487183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5309702157974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.4877520203590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.41031548380851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3861626386642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.36656761169433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3605983257293701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887221","display_name":"Mobile radio","level":2,"score":0.3264790177345276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.292399525642395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3597552","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3597552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2111281695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024r045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335990","funder_display_name":"Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2302078643","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20240694","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G331018939","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3657036470","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372161","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7851218066","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62502218","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7861191704","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BG2024042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336593","funder_display_name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G975555798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172232","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335990","display_name":"Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336593","display_name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2376050373","https://openalex.org/W2794864670","https://openalex.org/W2934855417","https://openalex.org/W2971244706","https://openalex.org/W3007913795","https://openalex.org/W3038201654","https://openalex.org/W3111568621","https://openalex.org/W3118639493","https://openalex.org/W3120783285","https://openalex.org/W3126917126","https://openalex.org/W3136957390","https://openalex.org/W3176790016","https://openalex.org/W3177021185","https://openalex.org/W3186699842","https://openalex.org/W3189494148","https://openalex.org/W3191251640","https://openalex.org/W3197954210","https://openalex.org/W3198478013","https://openalex.org/W3200676693","https://openalex.org/W3206604724","https://openalex.org/W3207651366","https://openalex.org/W3211832054","https://openalex.org/W3214522776","https://openalex.org/W4200316970","https://openalex.org/W4205965165","https://openalex.org/W4210309948","https://openalex.org/W4212924770","https://openalex.org/W4220922534","https://openalex.org/W4221125183","https://openalex.org/W4283209042","https://openalex.org/W4285225680","https://openalex.org/W4288057735","https://openalex.org/W4288057754","https://openalex.org/W4308907870","https://openalex.org/W4312336319","https://openalex.org/W4313169988","https://openalex.org/W4319837277","https://openalex.org/W4321496518","https://openalex.org/W4361771392","https://openalex.org/W4380364830","https://openalex.org/W4382407365","https://openalex.org/W4383889910","https://openalex.org/W4385267221","https://openalex.org/W4387448622","https://openalex.org/W4389539753","https://openalex.org/W4395665946","https://openalex.org/W4396941604","https://openalex.org/W4399485152","https://openalex.org/W4399563735","https://openalex.org/W4400314322","https://openalex.org/W4400351872"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043100179","https://openalex.org/W4210272022","https://openalex.org/W1844259124","https://openalex.org/W2170939602","https://openalex.org/W1974440652","https://openalex.org/W3009067413","https://openalex.org/W1541175715","https://openalex.org/W565993663","https://openalex.org/W2326504464","https://openalex.org/W2096709983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Voice":[0],"assistants":[1],"have":[2],"been":[3],"widely":[4],"adopted":[5],"for":[6,22],"their":[7,19],"ability":[8],"to":[9,33,99,120,137,157],"provide":[10],"non-touch":[11],"human-computer":[12],"interaction.":[13],"However,":[14],"while":[15],"they":[16],"offer":[17],"convenience,":[18],"continuous":[20],"listening":[21],"specific":[23],"wake-up":[24,96,103,128,142],"words":[25],"raises":[26],"privacy":[27],"concerns,":[28],"as":[29],"it":[30,156],"may":[31],"lead":[32],"eavesdropping":[34,45,71,78,175],"on":[35,151],"user":[36],"conversations.":[37],"To":[38,73],"investigate":[39],"this":[40],"issue,":[41],"we":[42,80,106],"devised":[43],"covert":[44,76],"attacks":[46],"by":[47,146],"perturbing":[48],"and":[49,67,101,114,154,161,180],"replaying":[50],"events":[51],"generated":[52,145],"during":[53],"the":[54,59,65,91,127,132,140],"user\u2019s":[55],"normal":[56],"activation":[57],"of":[58,69,126],"voice":[60,77,94],"assistant.":[61],"The":[62,165],"results":[63,166],"demonstrate":[64,167],"feasibility":[66],"harmfulness":[68],"such":[70],"attacks.":[72],"counter":[74],"these":[75],"attacks,":[79],"propose":[81],"an":[82,115],"effective":[83],"defense":[84],"scheme":[85,89],"called":[86],"CrossUnwind.":[87],"This":[88,134],"leverages":[90],"groundtruth":[92],"that":[93,168],"assistant":[95],"requires":[97],"hardware":[98],"generate":[100],"send":[102],"events.":[104],"Specifically,":[105],"designed":[107],"a":[108],"novel":[109],"tombstone":[110],"file":[111],"parsing":[112],"process":[113],"accurate":[116],"event":[117,129,143],"discrimination":[118],"algorithm":[119],"obtain":[121],"detailed":[122],"call":[123],"station":[124],"information":[125],"without":[130],"compromising":[131],"system.":[133],"allows":[135],"us":[136],"determine":[138],"whether":[139],"current":[141],"was":[144],"hardware.":[147],"We":[148],"deployed":[149],"CrossUnwind":[150,169],"real":[152],"devices":[153],"compared":[155],"well-known":[158],"machine":[159],"learning":[160,163],"deep":[162],"methods.":[164],"can":[170],"achieve":[171],"high":[172],"accuracy":[173],"in":[174],"detection":[176],"with":[177],"faster":[178],"speeds":[179],"lower":[181],"resource":[182],"utilization.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}