{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411948979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3585468","title":"Dissecting Blockchain Network Partitioning Attacks and Novel Defense for Bitcoin and Ethereum","display_name":"Dissecting Blockchain Network Partitioning Attacks and Novel Defense for Bitcoin and Ethereum","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411948979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3585468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3585468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3585468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005749855","display_name":"Ruonan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-5653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruonan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-5653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100324971","display_name":"Dawei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1548-2666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1548-2666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100354608","display_name":"Yang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-7689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018335177","display_name":"Yizhong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6129-3260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yizhong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6129-3260","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425107","display_name":"Jianwei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2965-3518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2965-3518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083017828","display_name":"Zhenyu Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3959-338X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3959-338X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013873559","display_name":"Min Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7853-1712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158809036","display_name":"Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03wrf9427","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158809036"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7853-1712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158809036","https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022955566","display_name":"Qianhong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6407-4194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianhong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6407-4194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008266220","display_name":"Jianying Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0594-0432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianying Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Technology and Designs, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Rd, Singapore","Information Systems Technology and Designs, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0594-0432","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Technology and Designs, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Rd, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Technology and Designs, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054741725","display_name":"Willy Susilo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1562-5105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Willy Susilo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Technology, Institute of Cybersecurity and Cryptology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia","Institute of Cybersecurity and Cryptology, School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1562-5105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Technology, Institute of Cybersecurity and Cryptology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cybersecurity and Cryptology, School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21210335,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":"8613","last_page":"8627"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.874927282333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7695642709732056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6451222896575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.5790501236915588}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.874927282333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7695642709732056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6451222896575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.5790501236915588}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3585468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3585468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1637248431","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u533a\u5757\u94fe\u7684\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u5b89\u5168\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61932014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2322052668","display_name":"\u7a7a\u95f4\u4fe1\u606f\u7f51\u7edc\u5b89\u5168\u53ef\u4fe1\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u5173\u952e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2873294194","display_name":"\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u865a\u62df\u79c1\u6709\u5b58\u50a8\u5b89\u5168\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u5173\u952e\u5bc6\u7801\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3770228593","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4055927445","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4154949110","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20467","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4365005231","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5496764350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21B2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5958334187","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB2701600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335774","funder_display_name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6205249138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"M23016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7074119981","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB2701600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7244328166","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7389400501","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2241213","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7770350910","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8060741714","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u533a\u5757\u94fe\u7684\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u5b89\u5168\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61932011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8717669564","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335774","display_name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523833175","https://openalex.org/W1995488889","https://openalex.org/W2057248704","https://openalex.org/W2295318496","https://openalex.org/W2295506186","https://openalex.org/W2295940006","https://openalex.org/W2534313446","https://openalex.org/W2535029869","https://openalex.org/W2536325433","https://openalex.org/W2570815113","https://openalex.org/W2571698069","https://openalex.org/W2611050176","https://openalex.org/W2613387059","https://openalex.org/W2616147445","https://openalex.org/W2624307925","https://openalex.org/W2724185994","https://openalex.org/W2803238698","https://openalex.org/W2805943963","https://openalex.org/W2884026699","https://openalex.org/W2885172320","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2886902508","https://openalex.org/W2893169788","https://openalex.org/W2910702660","https://openalex.org/W2953744829","https://openalex.org/W2964159515","https://openalex.org/W3006631210","https://openalex.org/W3015486462","https://openalex.org/W3096691500","https://openalex.org/W4214913937","https://openalex.org/W4226245226","https://openalex.org/W4286372554","https://openalex.org/W4289799450","https://openalex.org/W4293732046","https://openalex.org/W4308391550","https://openalex.org/W4317639420","https://openalex.org/W4324007065","https://openalex.org/W4366818834","https://openalex.org/W4376479252","https://openalex.org/W4381785634","https://openalex.org/W4393033150"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W4303984095"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cryptocurrencies":[0],"and":[1,13,44,50,74,79,95,103,115,125,218,250],"permissionless":[2,98,216,232],"blockchains":[3,78,217,233],"allow":[4],"nodes":[5,23],"from":[6],"all":[7],"over":[8],"the":[9,25,32,54,106,140,143,151,170,181,184,192,201,213,226,229,240],"world":[10],"to":[11,69,123,130,154,161,211,234],"join,":[12],"their":[14],"rapid":[15],"development":[16],"has":[17],"created":[18],"enormous":[19],"blockchain":[20,55,113,121],"networks":[21,145,186],"with":[22],"spanning":[24],"globe.":[26],"Blockchain":[27],"network":[28,33,87,110,165,235],"partitioning":[29,62,88,111,118,166,236],"attacks":[30],"split":[31],"into":[34],"separate":[35],"node":[36],"groups":[37],"through":[38],"disrupting":[39],"communication,":[40],"causing":[41],"information":[42],"inconsistency,":[43],"facilitating":[45],"malicious":[46],"behaviors":[47],"like":[48],"double-spending":[49,196,220,243],"selfish":[51],"mining,":[52],"threatening":[53],"security.":[56,116],"Existing":[57],"research":[58],"primarily":[59],"studies":[60,85],"concrete":[61],"attack":[63],"methods.":[64],"However,":[65],"it":[66,158],"is":[67,146,187],"hard":[68],"analyze":[70,102],"practical":[71,86],"post-attack":[72],"security":[73,214,249],"efficiency":[75],"impacts":[76,90],"on":[77,91,112,136,178],"design":[80],"effective":[81],"countermeasures.":[82],"This":[83],"paper":[84],"attacks\u2019":[89],"existing":[92],"proof-of-work-based":[93],"(Bitcoin)":[94],"proof-of-stake-based":[96],"(Ethereum)":[97],"blockchains.":[99],"We":[100,222],"theoretically":[101],"experimentally":[104,223],"confirm":[105],"adverse":[107],"effects":[108],"of":[109,173,195,215,231,242],"performance":[114],"Network":[117],"will":[119,167],"cause":[120,126],"throughput":[122,152],"plummet,":[124],"block":[127],"generation":[128],"delay":[129],"increase":[131,169],"rapidly.":[132],"In":[133,175],"our":[134,176],"experiments":[135,177],"Ethereum":[137],"2.0,":[138],"when":[139,180],"bandwidth":[141,182],"between":[142,183],"partitioned":[144,185,245],"lower":[147],"than":[148,189],"768":[149],"Kbps,":[150,191],"begins":[153],"plummet":[155],"precipitously":[156],"until":[157],"ultimately":[159],"falls":[160],"0.":[162],"What\u2019s":[163],"worse,":[164],"significantly":[168],"success":[171,193],"rate":[172,194],"double-spending.":[174],"Bitcoin,":[179],"less":[188],"256":[190],"reaches":[197],"50%.":[198],"To":[199],"solve":[200],"above":[202],"issues,":[203],"we":[204],"propose":[205],"countermeasures":[206,227],"leveraging":[207],"a":[208],"freezing":[209],"threshold":[210],"safeguard":[212],"resist":[219],"attacks.":[221,237],"validate":[224],"that":[225],"enhance":[228],"resistance":[230],"It":[238],"reduces":[239],"probability":[241],"in":[244],"networks,":[246],"thereby":[247],"ensuring":[248],"reliability.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}