{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411409004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3581026","title":"Silent Penetrator: Breaching Cross-Domain Federated Fine-Tuning via Feature Shift-Induced Backdoor","display_name":"Silent Penetrator: Breaching Cross-Domain Federated Fine-Tuning via Feature Shift-Induced Backdoor","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411409004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3581026"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3581026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3581026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022119772","display_name":"Wenkai Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7053-639X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137191","display_name":"Shanghai Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnd8976","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137191"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenkai Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007267530","display_name":"Gaolei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3913-5001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137191","display_name":"Shanghai Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnd8976","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137191"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaolei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072241033","display_name":"Mingzhe Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2570-703X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145608581","display_name":"University of Miami","ror":"https://ror.org/02dgjyy92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhe Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391361","display_name":"Jianhua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6831-3973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137191","display_name":"Shanghai Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnd8976","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137191"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039106671","display_name":"Haojin Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5079-4556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137191","display_name":"Shanghai Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnd8976","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137191"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haojin Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022119772"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137191"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.1264,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98256718,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":"7106","last_page":"7120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backdoor","display_name":"Backdoor","score":0.9035263061523438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7362139225006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5642516016960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4739289879798889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.18861046433448792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.9035263061523438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7362139225006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5642516016960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4739289879798889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18861046433448792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3581026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3581026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4664115551","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202303","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7047364517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2627183927","https://openalex.org/W2748789698","https://openalex.org/W2763549966","https://openalex.org/W2807363941","https://openalex.org/W2934843808","https://openalex.org/W2981720610","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3107100345","https://openalex.org/W3138597937","https://openalex.org/W3176639943","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4221129260","https://openalex.org/W4293452925","https://openalex.org/W4312651322","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4327673103","https://openalex.org/W4367046615","https://openalex.org/W4385627126","https://openalex.org/W4386071594","https://openalex.org/W4387872706","https://openalex.org/W4390577972","https://openalex.org/W4390872163","https://openalex.org/W4390872376","https://openalex.org/W4391174792","https://openalex.org/W4393160127","https://openalex.org/W4394712384","https://openalex.org/W4395069477","https://openalex.org/W4396736351","https://openalex.org/W4403780662","https://openalex.org/W4410088801","https://openalex.org/W6688325169","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6743581629","https://openalex.org/W6743821447","https://openalex.org/W6748786018","https://openalex.org/W6752600739","https://openalex.org/W6756840679","https://openalex.org/W6770634426","https://openalex.org/W6771533808","https://openalex.org/W6776700526","https://openalex.org/W6780640148","https://openalex.org/W6787633081","https://openalex.org/W6789305514","https://openalex.org/W6791353385","https://openalex.org/W6839074529","https://openalex.org/W6842965877","https://openalex.org/W6850393961","https://openalex.org/W6851888872","https://openalex.org/W7056673059"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4320031223","https://openalex.org/W4200629851","https://openalex.org/W4281902577","https://openalex.org/W4309417370","https://openalex.org/W4292107232","https://openalex.org/W3009072493","https://openalex.org/W4386080799"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,158],"improve":[1],"communication":[2],"efficiency":[3],"and":[4,67,74,141,161,172,181,191,223],"handle":[5],"data":[6,113,154],"heterogeneity":[7],"challenges":[8],"in":[9,29,76,109,203,220],"federated":[10,40,97,194],"learning":[11],"(FL),":[12],"fine-tuning":[13,41,195],"the":[14,110,120,130,135,156,168,198,214,226,229],"pre-trained":[15],"large":[16],"models":[17],"rather":[18],"than":[19],"training":[20],"neural":[21],"networks":[22],"from":[23],"scratch":[24],"has":[25],"received":[26],"increasing":[27],"attention":[28],"recent":[30],"years,":[31],"especially":[32,52],"under":[33],"cross-domain":[34,39,77,96,182,189],"settings.":[35],"However,":[36],"such":[37],"a":[38,45,101,124,143],"scenario":[42],"opens":[43],"up":[44],"broader":[46],"attack":[47],"surface":[48],"for":[49,95,138],"new":[50],"threats,":[51],"backdoors,":[53],"posing":[54],"significant":[55,81],"security":[56],"risks.":[57],"Existing":[58],"backdoor":[59,104,145,175,210,235],"attacks":[60],"mainly":[61],"focus":[62],"on":[63,187],"label":[64],"shift":[65],"scenarios":[66,222],"use":[68],"explicit":[69],"triggers,":[70],"which":[71,99],"lack":[72],"transferability":[73],"effectiveness":[75,199],"settings,":[78],"thereby":[79],"exhibiting":[80],"weaknesses.":[82],"In":[83,117],"this":[84],"paper,":[85],"we":[86,165],"propose":[87],"Silent":[88,118,201],"Penetrator,":[89,119],"an":[90],"innovative":[91],"penetration":[92,215,230],"scheme":[93],"tailored":[94],"fine-tuning,":[98],"exploits":[100],"feature":[102],"shift-induced":[103],"to":[105,232],"elicit":[106],"specific":[107],"symptoms":[108],"trusted":[111],"private":[112,153],"of":[114,155,200,228],"targeted":[115],"victims.":[116,157],"attacker":[121],"can":[122,147],"obtain":[123],"high-quality":[125],"poisoned":[126],"dataset":[127],"by":[128,151,217],"leveraging":[129],"available":[131],"domain":[132],"information":[133],"as":[134],"text":[136],"prompts":[137],"Stable":[139],"Diffusion,":[140],"inject":[142],"domain-sensitive":[144],"that":[146],"be":[148],"unconsciously":[149],"triggered":[150],"unmodified":[152],"achieve":[159],"stronger":[160],"more":[162],"persistent":[163],"penetration,":[164],"thoroughly":[166],"explore":[167],"adversary\u2019s":[169],"configurable":[170],"space":[171],"enhance":[173],"our":[174,209],"injection":[176],"utilizing":[177],"contrastive-enhanced":[178],"boundary":[179],"deviation":[180],"predictive":[183],"confrontation.":[184],"Extensive":[185],"experiments":[186],"three":[188],"datasets":[190],"four":[192,233],"state-of-the-art":[193,234],"frameworks":[196],"validate":[197],"Penetrator":[202],"successfully":[204],"compromising":[205],"target":[206],"clients.":[207],"Furthermore,":[208],"enhancement":[211,236],"strategy":[212],"improves":[213],"accuracy":[216],"over":[218],"10%":[219],"most":[221],"significantly":[224],"enhances":[225],"durability":[227],"compared":[231],"techniques.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}