{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410852842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3574971","title":"Respond to Change With Constancy: Instruction-Tuning With LLM for Non-I.I.D. Network Traffic Classification","display_name":"Respond to Change With Constancy: Instruction-Tuning With LLM for Non-I.I.D. Network Traffic Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410852842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3574971"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3574971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3574971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.20866","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018891735","display_name":"Xinjie Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0789-7570"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinjie Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0789-7570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088979194","display_name":"Gang Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4303-5559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052269317","display_name":"Gaopeng Gou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3533-4874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaopeng Gou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100313630","display_name":"Wenqi Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6177-0062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenqi Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6177-0062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101672021","display_name":"Jing Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3966-511X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3966-511X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332597","display_name":"Zhen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4033-8650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078890978","display_name":"Wei Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2108-0807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.7966,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98788576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":"5758","last_page":"5773"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7606874704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4042832553386688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3754193186759949}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7606874704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4042832553386688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3754193186759949}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3574971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3574971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.20866","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.20866","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.20866","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.20866","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.20866","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.20866","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5406174510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB2702404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031342017","https://openalex.org/W2093331366","https://openalex.org/W2120702739","https://openalex.org/W2272516773","https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W2548532227","https://openalex.org/W2560100125","https://openalex.org/W2571009218","https://openalex.org/W2591712613","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2743556905","https://openalex.org/W2783301790","https://openalex.org/W2897202622","https://openalex.org/W2919493784","https://openalex.org/W2963403784","https://openalex.org/W2963516518","https://openalex.org/W2963704216","https://openalex.org/W2970476646","https://openalex.org/W2973396270","https://openalex.org/W3007562398","https://openalex.org/W3008048810","https://openalex.org/W3033161486","https://openalex.org/W3045016378","https://openalex.org/W3103367901","https://openalex.org/W3114936184","https://openalex.org/W3120227884","https://openalex.org/W3134226201","https://openalex.org/W3139434170","https://openalex.org/W3161181734","https://openalex.org/W3173170122","https://openalex.org/W3198377975","https://openalex.org/W4224315052","https://openalex.org/W4285131467","https://openalex.org/W4290874972","https://openalex.org/W4293004633","https://openalex.org/W4361205872","https://openalex.org/W4385572634","https://openalex.org/W4387011100","https://openalex.org/W4387298163","https://openalex.org/W4391590983","https://openalex.org/W4394566648","https://openalex.org/W4396723505","https://openalex.org/W4396769190","https://openalex.org/W4400524696","https://openalex.org/W4401176007","https://openalex.org/W4402671943","https://openalex.org/W4402915290","https://openalex.org/W4405143008","https://openalex.org/W4405182489","https://openalex.org/W6838461927","https://openalex.org/W6892011689"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Encrypted":[0,112],"traffic":[1,19,85,99,108,126,142,158,193],"classification":[2,148,159],"is":[3,52],"highly":[4],"challenging":[5],"in":[6,64,77,84,91,153,166],"network":[7],"security":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,38,93,171,177,184,196,204],"the":[11,33,94,98,215],"need":[12],"for":[13],"extracting":[14],"robust":[15,147],"features":[16],"from":[17],"content-agnostic":[18],"data.":[20],"Existing":[21],"approaches":[22],"face":[23],"critical":[24],"issues:":[25],"(i)":[26],"Distribution":[27],"drift,":[28],"caused":[29],"by":[30,89],"reliance":[31],"on":[32,44],"closedworld":[34],"assumption,":[35],"limits":[36],"adaptability":[37],"real-world,":[39],"shifting":[40],"patterns;":[41],"(ii)":[42],"Dependence":[43],"labeled":[45],"data":[46,51],"restricts":[47],"applicability":[48],"where":[49],"such":[50],"scarce":[53],"or":[54],"unavailable.":[55],"Large":[56],"language":[57],"models":[58],"(LLMs)":[59],"have":[60],"demonstrated":[61],"remarkable":[62],"potential":[63],"offering":[65],"generalizable":[66],"solutions":[67],"across":[68],"a":[69,106,129,192],"wide":[70],"range":[71],"of":[72,97,125],"tasks,":[73],"achieving":[74],"notable":[75],"success":[76],"various":[78],"specialized":[79],"fields.":[80],"However,":[81],"their":[82],"effectiveness":[83,207],"analysis":[86],"remains":[87],"constrained":[88],"challenges":[90],"adapting":[92],"unique":[95],"requirements":[96],"domain.":[100],"In":[101],"this":[102],"paper,":[103],"we":[104,189,213],"introduce":[105],"novel":[107],"representation":[109],"model":[110],"named":[111],"Traffic":[113],"Out-of-Distribution":[114],"Instruction":[115],"Tuning":[116],"with":[117,123],"LLM":[118],"(ETooL),":[119],"which":[120],"integrates":[121],"LLMs":[122],"knowledge":[124],"structures":[127],"through":[128,219],"self-supervised":[130],"instruction":[131,221],"tuning":[132,222],"paradigm.":[133],"This":[134],"framework":[135],"establishes":[136],"connections":[137],"between":[138],"textual":[139],"information":[140],"and":[141,150,156,173,179,181,186,201],"interactions.":[143],"ETooL":[144],"demonstrates":[145],"more":[146],"performance":[149],"superior":[151],"generalization":[152],"both":[154],"supervised":[155],"zero-shot":[157],"tasks.":[160],"Notably,":[161],"it":[162,203],"achieves":[163],"significant":[164],"improvements":[165],"F1":[167],"scores:":[168],"APP53":[169,175],"(I.I.D.)":[170],"93.19%(6.62%\u2191)":[172],"92.11%(4.19%\u2191),":[174],"(O.O.D.)":[176,183],"74.88%(18.17%\u2191)":[178],"72.13%(15.15%\u2191),":[180],"ISCX-Botnet":[182],"95.03%(9.16%\u2191)":[185],"81.95%(12.08%\u2191).":[187],"Additionally,":[188],"construct":[190],"NETD,":[191],"dataset":[194],"designed":[195],"support":[197],"dynamic":[198],"distributional":[199,210],"shifts,":[200],"use":[202],"validate":[205],"ETooL\u2019s":[206,220],"under":[208],"varying":[209],"conditions.":[211],"Furthermore,":[212],"evaluate":[214],"efficiency":[216],"gains":[217],"achieved":[218],"approach.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
