{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408709608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3553803","title":"DDL: Effective and Comprehensible Interpretation Framework for Diverse Deepfake Detectors","display_name":"DDL: Effective and Comprehensible Interpretation Framework for Diverse Deepfake Detectors","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408709608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3553803"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3553803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3553803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039218810","display_name":"Zekun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7193-8405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zekun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7193-8405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052771052","display_name":"Na Ruan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Na Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7673-9843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391361","display_name":"Jianhua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6831-3973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6831-3973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.0541,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98032788,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":"3601","last_page":"3615"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9627000093460083,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9516000151634216,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8345658779144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.6672448515892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.45383524894714355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39501452445983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.38869351148605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.36384686827659607}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8345658779144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6672448515892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.45383524894714355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39501452445983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.38869351148605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36384686827659607}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3553803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3553803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4331130110","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24BC3200400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311779","funder_display_name":"Shanghai Association for Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5518065245","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23511101000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311779","funder_display_name":"Shanghai Association for Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6871766535","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472276","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7014931617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB2704700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311779","display_name":"Shanghai Association for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05j0k2q54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2301937176","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2606462007","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2942074357","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963524571","https://openalex.org/W2969880113","https://openalex.org/W2982058372","https://openalex.org/W3006064320","https://openalex.org/W3014641072","https://openalex.org/W3034196597","https://openalex.org/W3034713808","https://openalex.org/W3034900344","https://openalex.org/W3035575176","https://openalex.org/W3038930935","https://openalex.org/W3091254548","https://openalex.org/W3094728142","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3164267381","https://openalex.org/W3173775919","https://openalex.org/W3174656926","https://openalex.org/W3176241004","https://openalex.org/W3179454286","https://openalex.org/W3191067499","https://openalex.org/W3196904463","https://openalex.org/W4285324956","https://openalex.org/W4292793883","https://openalex.org/W4311415873","https://openalex.org/W4313476637","https://openalex.org/W4386075957","https://openalex.org/W4390872011","https://openalex.org/W4390874333","https://openalex.org/W4392746537","https://openalex.org/W4402716253","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6752170072","https://openalex.org/W6756046522","https://openalex.org/W6779823529","https://openalex.org/W6849596933","https://openalex.org/W6854747664","https://openalex.org/W6862988321"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313320911","https://openalex.org/W4327743144","https://openalex.org/W4245077728","https://openalex.org/W2607424049","https://openalex.org/W4390922876","https://openalex.org/W3183204001","https://openalex.org/W4206302830","https://openalex.org/W2185941092","https://openalex.org/W4386782890","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,11,41,70,105,116,149,152,180],"context":[2],"of":[3,44,83,95,118,172,182],"escalating":[4],"advancements":[5],"in":[6,62,170],"AI":[7],"generative":[8],"technologies,":[9],"Deepfakes,":[10],"sophisticated":[12],"face":[13,144,196],"forgeries":[14],"created":[15],"using":[16],"deep":[17,35],"learning":[18,36],"methods,":[19,73],"have":[20],"emerged":[21],"as":[22],"a":[23,110,132,187],"significant":[24],"security":[25],"threat.":[26],"The":[27,177],"predominant":[28],"countermeasures":[29],"are":[30],"Deepfake":[31,78,106,121,183],"detectors":[32,79],"based":[33,125],"on":[34,77,126],"(DL).":[37],"However,":[38],"due":[39,80],"to":[40,48,75,81,114,135,147],"opaque":[42],"nature":[43],"DL-model,":[45],"they":[46],"struggle":[47,74],"offer":[49],"understandable":[50,191],"explanations":[51],"for":[52,193],"their":[53,58],"predictive":[54],"decisions,":[55],"which":[56],"undermines":[57],"reliability":[59],"and":[60,89,130,139,143,157,175,190],"effectiveness":[61],"real-world":[63],"applications.":[64],"Existing":[65],"mainstream":[66],"DL-oriented":[67],"interpretation":[68,85,137,154],"approaches,":[69],"feature":[71,167],"attribution":[72,168],"work":[76],"issues":[82],"low":[84],"fidelity,":[86,173],"poor":[87],"intelligibility,":[88,174],"limited":[90],"applicability":[91],"across":[92],"different":[93],"types":[94],"detectors.":[96],"This":[97],"paper":[98],"addresses":[99],"these":[100],"critical":[101],"challenges":[102],"by":[103],"proposing":[104],"Detector":[107],"Lens":[108],"(DDL),":[109],"novel":[111],"framework":[112],"designed":[113],"enhance":[115,136],"interpretability":[117,181],"diverse":[119],"architectural":[120],"detectors,":[122],"encompassing":[123],"those":[124],"image,":[127],"frequency":[128],"domain,":[129],"video.DDLemploys":[131],"heuristic":[133],"algorithm":[134],"efficacy":[138],"incorporates":[140],"image":[141],"segmentation":[142],"parsing":[145],"techniques":[146],"bridge":[148],"gap":[150],"between":[151],"machine-generated":[153],"saliency":[155],"map":[156],"human":[158],"understanding.":[159],"Comprehensive":[160],"evaluations":[161],"ofDDLdemonstrate":[162],"its":[163],"superiority":[164],"over":[165],"existing":[166],"methods":[169],"terms":[171],"applicability.":[176],"proposedDDLsignificantly":[178],"advances":[179],"detection":[184],"technology,":[185],"offering":[186],"more":[188],"reliable":[189],"tool":[192],"combating":[194],"AI-generated":[195],"forgeries.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}