{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406322639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3529316","title":"Bottom Aggregating, Top Separating: An Aggregator and Separator Network for Encrypted Traffic Understanding","display_name":"Bottom Aggregating, Top Separating: An Aggregator and Separator Network for Encrypted Traffic Understanding","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406322639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3529316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3529316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3529316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100701893","display_name":"Wei Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8179-1577"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8179-1577","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101581995","display_name":"Lei Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8478-3297"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8478-3297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100940156","display_name":"Wei Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4748-620X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100392294","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4232-6968"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102838509","display_name":"Xiaoyu Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9950-3336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9950-3336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021090590","display_name":"Zhiyu Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-5094"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyu Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-5094","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028040417","display_name":"Xiaochun Yun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2849-1086"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochun Yun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2849-1086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.8289,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98737534,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":"1794","last_page":"1806"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/news-aggregator","display_name":"News aggregator","score":0.764195442199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7480085492134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.600773811340332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separator","display_name":"Separator (oil production)","score":0.48512300848960876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4846494793891907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14915242791175842}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180505990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498267","display_name":"News aggregator","level":2,"score":0.764195442199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7480085492134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.600773811340332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185004128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3011536","display_name":"Separator (oil production)","level":2,"score":0.48512300848960876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4846494793891907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14915242791175842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3529316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2025.3529316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1642652327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072453","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4520096814","display_name":"\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u652f\u6491\u56fa\u4ef6\u6a21\u7cca\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u6267\u884c\u8bb0\u5f55\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972392","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148913232","https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W2591712613","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2840169530","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2919493784","https://openalex.org/W2949330846","https://openalex.org/W2949848919","https://openalex.org/W2953225812","https://openalex.org/W2963403784","https://openalex.org/W2963516518","https://openalex.org/W2963704216","https://openalex.org/W2978116268","https://openalex.org/W3029652632","https://openalex.org/W3047014424","https://openalex.org/W3116203245","https://openalex.org/W3155322940","https://openalex.org/W3159269399","https://openalex.org/W3186314399","https://openalex.org/W4205480693","https://openalex.org/W4224211817","https://openalex.org/W4224315052","https://openalex.org/W4226076738","https://openalex.org/W4237357939","https://openalex.org/W4284668485","https://openalex.org/W4285292284","https://openalex.org/W4285326675","https://openalex.org/W4290927694","https://openalex.org/W4293093536","https://openalex.org/W4367047070","https://openalex.org/W4376864968","https://openalex.org/W4382239858","https://openalex.org/W4384129390","https://openalex.org/W4384636773","https://openalex.org/W4384659450","https://openalex.org/W4385062808","https://openalex.org/W4385568396","https://openalex.org/W4389252518","https://openalex.org/W4389474426","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6852078105","https://openalex.org/W6870800617","https://openalex.org/W6876114546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3036238356","https://openalex.org/W2767445978","https://openalex.org/W2603387358","https://openalex.org/W3092831610","https://openalex.org/W230187509","https://openalex.org/W4206057490","https://openalex.org/W962287279"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Encrypted":[0],"traffic":[1,17,53,57,71,99,141,162,227],"classification":[2],"refers":[3],"to":[4,49,81,121,157,160,188],"the":[5,9,29,83,89,106,113,166,184,213,221,236,239,256],"task":[6],"of":[7,31,85,91,118,145,197,238,258],"identifying":[8],"application,":[10],"service":[11],"or":[12],"malware":[13],"associated":[14],"with":[15,180],"network":[16],"that":[18,208,247],"is":[19,59,186,244,246],"encrypted.":[20],"Previous":[21],"methods":[22,37,95],"mainly":[23],"have":[24],"two":[25,146],"weaknesses.":[26],"Firstly,":[27],"from":[28,61,88],"perspective":[30,90],"word-level":[32],"(namely,":[33],"byte-level)":[34],"semantics,":[35,93],"current":[36,94,214],"use":[38],"pre-training":[39,218],"language":[40,47],"models":[41],"like":[42],"BERT,":[43],"learned":[44,104],"general":[45],"natural":[46,65],"knowledge,":[48],"directly":[50,69],"process":[51],"byte-based":[52],"data.":[54],"However,":[55],"understanding":[56,62,161],"data":[58,72,163],"different":[60,116,198],"words":[63],"in":[64,194,219,271],"language,":[66],"using":[67,100],"BERT":[68,156],"on":[70,201],"could":[73],"disrupt":[74],"internal":[75],"word":[76,152,168],"sense":[77,153,169],"information":[78],"so":[79],"as":[80],"affect":[82],"performance":[84],"classification.":[86],"Secondly,":[87],"packet-level":[92],"mostly":[96],"implicitly":[97],"classify":[98],"abstractive":[101],"semantic":[102,195],"features":[103,114],"at":[105],"top":[107],"layer,":[108],"without":[109,170,217],"further":[110],"explicitly":[111,189],"separating":[112],"into":[115],"space":[117],"categories,":[119],"leading":[120],"poor":[122],"feature":[123,191],"discriminability.":[124],"In":[125],"this":[126],"paper,":[127],"we":[128],"propose":[129],"a":[130,150,176],"simple":[131],"but":[132],"effective":[133],"Aggregator":[134],"and":[135,164,224,231,261,266],"Separator":[136],"Network":[137],"(ASNet)":[138],"for":[139],"encrypted":[140],"understanding,":[142],"which":[143,253],"consists":[144],"core":[147,240],"modules.":[148,241],"Specifically,":[149],"parameter-free":[151],"aggregator":[154],"enables":[155],"rapidly":[158],"adapt":[159],"keeping":[165],"complete":[167],"introducing":[171],"additional":[172],"model":[173,211,264],"parameters.":[174],"And":[175],"category-constrained":[177],"semantics":[178],"separator":[179],"task-aware":[181],"prompts":[182],"(as":[183],"stimulus)":[185],"introduced":[187],"conduct":[190],"learning":[192],"independently":[193],"spaces":[196],"categories.":[199],"Experiments":[200],"five":[202],"datasets":[203],"across":[204],"seven":[205],"tasks":[206],"demonstrate":[207],"our":[209],"proposed":[210],"achieves":[212],"state-of-the-art":[215],"results":[216],"both":[220],"public":[222],"benchmark":[223],"real-world":[225],"collected":[226],"dataset.":[228],"Statistical":[229],"analyses":[230],"visualization":[232],"experiments":[233],"also":[234],"validate":[235],"interpretability":[237],"Furthermore,":[242],"what":[243],"important":[245],"ASNet":[248],"does":[249],"not":[250],"need":[251],"pre-training,":[252],"dramatically":[254],"reduces":[255],"cost":[257],"computing":[259],"power":[260],"time.":[262],"The":[263],"code":[265],"dataset":[267],"will":[268],"be":[269],"released":[270],"<uri":[272],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[273],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/pengwei-iie/ASNET</uri>.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}