{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402125383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3453041","title":"Adversarial Examples Against WiFi Fingerprint-Based Localization in the Physical World","display_name":"Adversarial Examples Against WiFi Fingerprint-Based Localization in the Physical World","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402125383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3453041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3453041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3453041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031116553","display_name":"Jiakai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5884-3412"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiakai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5884-3412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110963908","display_name":"Ye Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8202-0571"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100444188","display_name":"Yichi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4292-6835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yichi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wanting Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9076-9845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanting Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9076-9845","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109774375","display_name":"Yusheng Kong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusheng Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037190906","display_name":"Shaolin Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6549-9760"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaolin Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6549-9760","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069623763","display_name":"Rongen Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-4339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31683504","display_name":"Beijing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xv2pc41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongen Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024067284","display_name":"Xianglong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-4195"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianglong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-4195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031116553"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3932,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81550139,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"8457","last_page":"8471"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8018198013305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7344146370887756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.694909393787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.5730986595153809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47631773352622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33477357029914856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3323599100112915}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8018198013305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7344146370887756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.694909393787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.5730986595153809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47631773352622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33477357029914856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3323599100112915}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3453041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3453041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2564763498","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T2322023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1630879738","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2051376734","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2181239276","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2309512289","https://openalex.org/W2535873859","https://openalex.org/W2549177157","https://openalex.org/W2563276102","https://openalex.org/W2603766943","https://openalex.org/W2762342550","https://openalex.org/W2768544627","https://openalex.org/W2787614270","https://openalex.org/W2788131765","https://openalex.org/W2790808434","https://openalex.org/W2905423756","https://openalex.org/W2940728701","https://openalex.org/W2946575199","https://openalex.org/W2950392941","https://openalex.org/W2963539531","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2975266205","https://openalex.org/W3015346134","https://openalex.org/W3017485054","https://openalex.org/W3018217565","https://openalex.org/W3035743198","https://openalex.org/W3093643905","https://openalex.org/W3107990944","https://openalex.org/W3120052154","https://openalex.org/W3127735749","https://openalex.org/W3128452630","https://openalex.org/W3138666984","https://openalex.org/W3174048626","https://openalex.org/W3177058560","https://openalex.org/W3185095134","https://openalex.org/W3200643978","https://openalex.org/W3214461887","https://openalex.org/W4205741841","https://openalex.org/W4214853598","https://openalex.org/W4226026671","https://openalex.org/W4226457083","https://openalex.org/W4285173448","https://openalex.org/W4292982259","https://openalex.org/W4306247941","https://openalex.org/W4309797609","https://openalex.org/W4312428619","https://openalex.org/W4327652423","https://openalex.org/W4382318250","https://openalex.org/W4385151878","https://openalex.org/W4386065392","https://openalex.org/W4388286330","https://openalex.org/W4388444935","https://openalex.org/W4389723696","https://openalex.org/W4390045124","https://openalex.org/W4390284985","https://openalex.org/W4390604007","https://openalex.org/W4392397216","https://openalex.org/W4402288734","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6751535199","https://openalex.org/W6751839145","https://openalex.org/W6751923770","https://openalex.org/W6756976069","https://openalex.org/W6771245373","https://openalex.org/W6774469542","https://openalex.org/W6800772757","https://openalex.org/W6839175653","https://openalex.org/W6846483613","https://openalex.org/W6850343633","https://openalex.org/W6857788820"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014822659","https://openalex.org/W2117826006","https://openalex.org/W1621827506","https://openalex.org/W4362496757","https://openalex.org/W2051501574","https://openalex.org/W2124627279","https://openalex.org/W2050967184","https://openalex.org/W2566091814","https://openalex.org/W2114937328","https://openalex.org/W2148654711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"WiFi":[0,35],"Fingerprint-based":[1],"Localization":[2,37],"(WFL)":[3],"has":[4],"recently":[5],"achieved":[6],"promising":[7],"results":[8,198],"in":[9,105,209],"the":[10,20,64,72,97,106,116,119,142,148,161,166,172,210,214,221],"bloom":[11],"of":[12,23,87,145,165],"deep":[13,189],"learning":[14],"techniques.":[15],"Unfortunately,":[16],"current":[17],"studies":[18],"reveal":[19],"great":[21],"risks":[22],"deep-learning":[24],"models":[25],"when":[26],"facing":[27],"adversarial":[28,42,69,99,129,169,173,206,222],"attacks,":[29],"raising":[30],"broader":[31],"concerns":[32],"about":[33],"Deep-learning-based":[34],"Fingerprint":[36],"Models":[38],"(DFLMs).":[39],"However,":[40],"real-world":[41],"attacks":[43],"targeting":[44],"DFLMs":[45,117,146],"are":[46],"not":[47],"fully":[48],"investigated,":[49],"making":[50],"it":[51],"unclear":[52],"how":[53],"to":[54,67],"counter":[55],"this":[56,60,127],"potential":[57],"threat.":[58],"In":[59],"paper,":[61],"we":[62,78,131,176],"take":[63],"first":[65],"step":[66],"introduce":[68],"examples":[70,170],"into":[71],"physical":[73,89,168,211],"world":[74,108],"against":[75,220],"DFLMs.":[76],"Specifically,":[77],"propose":[79,132],"a":[80,88,93,133],"general":[81],"attack":[82],"method":[83],"named":[84],"Phy-Adv,":[85],"consisting":[86],"attenuation":[90],"loss":[91],"and":[92,109,153,171,185,187,194],"differentiable":[94],"simulation":[95],"module,":[96],"generated":[98],"noise":[100],"could":[101],"be":[102],"feasibly":[103],"produced":[104],"real":[107],"make":[110],"effects":[111],"on":[112,180],"DFLMs,":[113],"i.e.,":[114,183],"misleading":[115],"from":[118],"signal":[120],"source":[121],"end.":[122],"Furthermore,":[123],"aiming":[124],"at":[125],"countering":[126],"typical":[128],"threat,":[130],"Relaxant":[134],"Multiple":[135],"Batch":[136],"Normalization":[137],"(RMBN)":[138],"approach,":[139],"which":[140],"alleviates":[141],"weak":[143],"robustness":[144],"by":[147],"data-end":[149],"adaptive":[150],"training-set":[151],"segmenting":[152],"model-end":[154],"multiple":[155,188],"batch":[156],"normalization":[157],"designing.":[158],"To":[159],"demonstrate":[160],"de":[162],"facto":[163],"effectiveness":[164],"proposed":[167],"defense":[174,218],"strategy,":[175],"conducted":[177],"extensive":[178],"experiments":[179],"2":[181],"datasets,":[182],"BHD":[184],"TUT,":[186],"models,":[190],"e.g.,":[191],"AlexNet,":[192],"VGG,":[193],"ResNet.":[195],"The":[196],"experimental":[197],"strongly":[199],"support":[200],"that":[201],"our":[202],"Phy-Adv":[203],"shows":[204],"satisfactory":[205],"attacking":[207],"ability":[208,219],"world,":[212],"meanwhile,":[213],"RMBN":[215],"enjoys":[216],"considerable":[217],"attacks.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
